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DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING > Ultrasound of Liver, Spleen, Urinary > Flashcards

Ultrasound of Liver, Spleen, Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

When doing ultrasound, you should image all structures in

A

2 planes- 90 degrees to each other
1) long axis (sagittal)
2) Short axis (transverse)

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2
Q

High frequency transducers have better or worse resolution

A

Better worse resolution

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3
Q

High frequency transducers have more or less penetration

A

less penetration

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4
Q

What transducers are better for superficial structures

A

High frequency
-better resolution and less penetration (depth)

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5
Q

better resolution and less penetration

A

High frequency transducers

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6
Q

better penetration, less resolution

A

Low Frequency transducers

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7
Q

What transducers are better for deeper structures

A

Low Frequency
-low resolution, good penetration

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8
Q

less echogenic, more black

A

hypoechoic

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9
Q

more echogenic, more white

A

hyperechoic

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10
Q

same echogenicity

A

isoechoic

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11
Q

no echoes (black)

A

anechoic

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12
Q

Does spleen or liver have more echogenicity

A

spleen

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13
Q

does renal cortex or medulla have more echogenicity

A

cortex

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14
Q

does the liver or kidney have more echogenicity

A

liver but it is similar to the kidney cortex

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15
Q

What is the echogenicity of the liver

A

generally moderate echogenicity/ hypoechoic organ

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16
Q

what structures within the liver, are well defined on ultrasound

A

portal vein walls

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17
Q

T/F: hepatic arteries and veins are well seen on radiographs

A

False- often dont see arteries
need to use doppler

the portal vein walls are seen though

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18
Q

The liver is hypoechoic to

A

the spleen

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19
Q

T/F: the liver is isoechoic to the renal cortex

A

True

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20
Q

The gallbladder is located between the

A

right medial and quadrate lobes

21
Q

What does the gallbladder look like on ultrasound

A

1) ovoid to spherical
2) thin hyperechoic wall with anechoic contents
3) some gravity dependent debris is okay

22
Q

T/F: bilobed gallbladder variants is abnormal in cats

A

False- could be a normal variant

23
Q

What might cause hypoechoic liver?

A

-Congestion
-Lymphoma
-Acute Hepatitis
-Histoplasmosis
-Rickettsia
-IMHA

24
Q

What does a hypoechoic liver look like

A

Stormy night appearance
-portal veins stand out and give this

25
Q

What might cause a hyperechoic liver

A

Steroid Hepatopathy
Lymphoma
Lipidosis
Cholestasis
Amyloidosis
Cirrhosis

26
Q

What is seen with a hyperechoic liver

A

similar echogenicity to spleen and/or subjectively hyperechoic

portal vessels are harder to see and blend in with adjacent echoes

27
Q

What might cause a liver with mixed echogenicity

A

Carcinoma
Lymphoma
Chronic hepatitis
Vaciolar hepatopathy with nodular regn
Circhoiss

28
Q

T/F: nodular hyperplasia of the liver is very common and clinically benign

A

True

29
Q

What is seen on ultrasound with nodular hyperplasia

A

Multiple hypoechoic nodules, many isoechoic

cannot tell from neoplasia- must do FNA or biopsy

30
Q

What do you see on ultrasound with hepatic neoplasia

A

solitary nodule/mass, multiple nodles, diffuse infilitrate
many different patterns/echogenicities
nothing specific for tumor type, must FNA or biopsy

31
Q

What is the most hyperechoic abdominal organ

A

Spleen
-Medium to high echogenicity
-Homogenous
-Finely stipled parenchyma

32
Q

What are the ultrasound descriptions of the spleen

A

-Medium to high echogenicity
-Homogenous
-Finely stipled parenchyma
-Capsule seen as distinct hyperechoic line
-Splenic veins visualized
-Flat elongated organ, tapers at tail

33
Q

What might cause splenomegaly without ultrasound parenchymal change

A

sedation/anesthesia
anemias
lymphoid hyperplasia
extramedullary hematopoiesis
round cell/hematopoetic neoplasia
german shepards

34
Q

What breeds commonly have splenomegaly without parenchymal changes on ultrasound

A

german shephards

35
Q

What might cause parechymal changes +/- splenomegaly on ultrasound

A

Lymphoid hyperplasia
extra-medullary hematopoesis
round cell/hematopoetic neoplasia
hemangiosarcoma/ hemangioma
metastatic neoplasia
granulomatoud disease
amyloidosis

36
Q

Wat might cause the spleen to have a swiss cheese appearance on ultrasound - poorly defined to well defined hypoechoic nodules

A

splenic lymphoma or puppies with hyperechoic nodules

37
Q

T/F: the renal medulla is hyperechoic to the cortex

A

False
the medulla is hypoechoic to the cortex

38
Q

What is the normal kidney size on ultrasound?

A

Ovoid
Smooth margins around capsule
Cats: 3.0-4.4cm
Dogs: variable and correlates to the size of the dog

39
Q

When ultrasounding the kidneys, what view can you see the renal pelvis have a V-shape

A

transverse

40
Q

What do renal cysts look like on ultrasound

A

smooth margins
ovoid/spherical
usually anechoic contents
distal acoustic enhancement

41
Q

What kinds of breeds typically get polycystic kidney disease

A

Long-haired cats (persian and Persian Cross)
Cairn Terriers

42
Q

What ultrasound findings are seen with chronic kidney disease

A

1) Decreased corticomedullary distinction
often have hyperechoic cortex and poss also hyperechoic medulla
2) Cortical defects/irregular margins
3) Deceased Size
4) Focal mineralization
5) Pelvic dilation

43
Q

What does the urinary bladder normally look like on ultrasound

A

smooth wall
see inner and outer margins with hypoechoic tissue inbetween
thickness varies with distinction
<3-4mm in dogs, <2mm in cats

44
Q

What might be debris in the normal urinary bladder on ultrasound

A

RBC, WBCs, lipid, protein crustals

45
Q

What are the ultrasound findings of cystitis

A

thickened wall, usually worse cranio-ventrally

46
Q

Bladder neoplasia is more common in dogs or cats

A

dogs

47
Q

Bladder neoplasia is more common in males or females

A

females

48
Q

What breeds are at risk for bladder neoplasia

A

Scottie
Sheltie
BEagle
Wirehaired Fox Terrier
Westie

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING (16 decks)

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