Ultrasound of Liver, Spleen, Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

When doing ultrasound, you should image all structures in

A

2 planes- 90 degrees to each other
1) long axis (sagittal)
2) Short axis (transverse)

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2
Q

High frequency transducers have better or worse resolution

A

Better worse resolution

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3
Q

High frequency transducers have more or less penetration

A

less penetration

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4
Q

What transducers are better for superficial structures

A

High frequency
-better resolution and less penetration (depth)

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5
Q

better resolution and less penetration

A

High frequency transducers

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6
Q

better penetration, less resolution

A

Low Frequency transducers

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7
Q

What transducers are better for deeper structures

A

Low Frequency
-low resolution, good penetration

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8
Q

less echogenic, more black

A

hypoechoic

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9
Q

more echogenic, more white

A

hyperechoic

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10
Q

same echogenicity

A

isoechoic

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11
Q

no echoes (black)

A

anechoic

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12
Q

Does spleen or liver have more echogenicity

A

spleen

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13
Q

does renal cortex or medulla have more echogenicity

A

cortex

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14
Q

does the liver or kidney have more echogenicity

A

liver but it is similar to the kidney cortex

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15
Q

What is the echogenicity of the liver

A

generally moderate echogenicity/ hypoechoic organ

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16
Q

what structures within the liver, are well defined on ultrasound

A

portal vein walls

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17
Q

T/F: hepatic arteries and veins are well seen on radiographs

A

False- often dont see arteries
need to use doppler

the portal vein walls are seen though

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18
Q

The liver is hypoechoic to

A

the spleen

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19
Q

T/F: the liver is isoechoic to the renal cortex

A

True

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20
Q

The gallbladder is located between the

A

right medial and quadrate lobes

21
Q

What does the gallbladder look like on ultrasound

A

1) ovoid to spherical
2) thin hyperechoic wall with anechoic contents
3) some gravity dependent debris is okay

22
Q

T/F: bilobed gallbladder variants is abnormal in cats

A

False- could be a normal variant

23
Q

What might cause hypoechoic liver?

A

-Congestion
-Lymphoma
-Acute Hepatitis
-Histoplasmosis
-Rickettsia
-IMHA

24
Q

What does a hypoechoic liver look like

A

Stormy night appearance
-portal veins stand out and give this

25
What might cause a hyperechoic liver
Steroid Hepatopathy Lymphoma Lipidosis Cholestasis Amyloidosis Cirrhosis
26
What is seen with a hyperechoic liver
similar echogenicity to spleen and/or subjectively hyperechoic portal vessels are harder to see and blend in with adjacent echoes
27
What might cause a liver with mixed echogenicity
Carcinoma Lymphoma Chronic hepatitis Vaciolar hepatopathy with nodular regn Circhoiss
28
T/F: nodular hyperplasia of the liver is very common and clinically benign
True
29
What is seen on ultrasound with nodular hyperplasia
Multiple hypoechoic nodules, many isoechoic cannot tell from neoplasia- must do FNA or biopsy
30
What do you see on ultrasound with hepatic neoplasia
solitary nodule/mass, multiple nodles, diffuse infilitrate many different patterns/echogenicities nothing specific for tumor type, must FNA or biopsy
31
What is the most hyperechoic abdominal organ
Spleen -Medium to high echogenicity -Homogenous -Finely stipled parenchyma
32
What are the ultrasound descriptions of the spleen
-Medium to high echogenicity -Homogenous -Finely stipled parenchyma -Capsule seen as distinct hyperechoic line -Splenic veins visualized -Flat elongated organ, tapers at tail
33
What might cause splenomegaly without ultrasound parenchymal change
sedation/anesthesia anemias lymphoid hyperplasia extramedullary hematopoiesis round cell/hematopoetic neoplasia german shepards
34
What breeds commonly have splenomegaly without parenchymal changes on ultrasound
german shephards
35
What might cause parechymal changes +/- splenomegaly on ultrasound
Lymphoid hyperplasia extra-medullary hematopoesis round cell/hematopoetic neoplasia hemangiosarcoma/ hemangioma metastatic neoplasia granulomatoud disease amyloidosis
36
Wat might cause the spleen to have a swiss cheese appearance on ultrasound - poorly defined to well defined hypoechoic nodules
splenic lymphoma or puppies with hyperechoic nodules
37
T/F: the renal medulla is hyperechoic to the cortex
False the medulla is hypoechoic to the cortex
38
What is the normal kidney size on ultrasound?
Ovoid Smooth margins around capsule Cats: 3.0-4.4cm Dogs: variable and correlates to the size of the dog
39
When ultrasounding the kidneys, what view can you see the renal pelvis have a V-shape
transverse
40
What do renal cysts look like on ultrasound
smooth margins ovoid/spherical usually anechoic contents distal acoustic enhancement
41
What kinds of breeds typically get polycystic kidney disease
Long-haired cats (persian and Persian Cross) Cairn Terriers
42
What ultrasound findings are seen with chronic kidney disease
1) Decreased corticomedullary distinction often have hyperechoic cortex and poss also hyperechoic medulla 2) Cortical defects/irregular margins 3) Deceased Size 4) Focal mineralization 5) Pelvic dilation
43
What does the urinary bladder normally look like on ultrasound
smooth wall see inner and outer margins with hypoechoic tissue inbetween thickness varies with distinction <3-4mm in dogs, <2mm in cats
44
What might be debris in the normal urinary bladder on ultrasound
RBC, WBCs, lipid, protein crustals
45
What are the ultrasound findings of cystitis
thickened wall, usually worse cranio-ventrally
46
Bladder neoplasia is more common in dogs or cats
dogs
47
Bladder neoplasia is more common in males or females
females
48
What breeds are at risk for bladder neoplasia
Scottie Sheltie BEagle Wirehaired Fox Terrier Westie