Essential points

Question 1

T/F: on left lateral there is occassional fluid accumulation in the caudal thoracic esophagus

Answer 1

T- soft tissue opacity

Question 2

What are the radiographic findings of a dog with an aggressive vertebral lesion

Answer 2

Focal Decrease in vertebral opacity
-Chronic compression fx
-Osteomyelitis
-Neoplasia
-Possibly degenerative change

if multifocal
-think metastatic and multiple myeloma

Question 3

flattening of the distal palmar articular margin of MC3 with sclerosis

Answer 3

palmar osteochondral disease

-radiographs are not sensitive to early POD changes
-Need to do other views

Question 4

What are common radiographic findings of navicular bone degeneration

Answer 4

1) Synovial invagination
-increased number and rounded shape

2) Medullary sclerosis and sclerosis changes
-thickening of the flexor surface

3) Flexor Cortex Erosions: osseous changes- suggest soft tissue injury

4) Enthesophytes and avulsion fragments at the ligament attachment sites

Question 5

What does suspensory ligament enthesoopathy look like on radiograph

Answer 5

sclerosis in the region of the origin of the suspensory ligament

Question 6

How do you get the definitive diagnosis of suspensory ligament enthesiopathy

Answer 6

Ultrasound the suspensory ligament

Question 7

What is the best view to see osteochondrosis in the equine tarsus

Answer 7

DMPLO

Question 8

Why is the DMPLO the best view if you can only get one to screen for osteochondrosis in the equine tarsus

Answer 8

1) Distal Intermiate ridge of the tibia
2) Lateral trochlear ridge of the talus

can all be seen in the DMPLO, these are the two most common sites for osteochondrosis in the equine stifle

Question 9

When do the trochlear ridges of the femur and patella in the foal ossify

Answer 9

by 6-9 weeks
*do not confuse with osteomyelitis

Question 10

How do you distinguish a DMPLO from a DLPMO of the equine tarsus

Answer 10

larrys nose is seen on DMPLO

Question 11

What are the indicators of chronic rotational laminitis

Answer 11

1) Thickenining of dorsal hoof wall: >16mm

2) Decreased laminar distinction

3) Palmar rotation
-Increased Parietal Surface Angle ?0
-Increased solar margin angle >3-8

Question 12

In dogs, how do humeral condyle fractures typically occur

Answer 12

Incomplete ossification of humeral condyle
-congenital
-spaniel breeds and french bulldogs

*Often bilateral check the other one

Question 13

What breeds commonly get incomplete ossification of humeral condyle

Answer 13

Spaniels
French Bulldogs

*Often bilateral - check other limb

Question 14

What Salter-Harris occurs above the physis through the metaphysis

Answer 14

Class II

Question 15

What are the most common sites of osteochondrosis in the equine stifle

What is the best view

Answer 15

1) Femoral trochelar ridge and patella

2) Osseous cyst like lesions on the medial femoral condyle

a Cd45lateral-craniomedial oblique
would highlight the

Caudomedial (left) and Craniolateral margins
which is good for the lateral trochlear ridge

Question 16

Panosteitis is common in what breds

Answer 16

german shepherds and large breeds dogs

usually 5-18 months
self-limiting disease

no lysis occurs - just see ill or well defined patches of variably faint sclerosis in the medullary cavity

Question 17

fracture where there is lots of proliferation, no bridging bone

Answer 17

hypertrophic non union

Question 18

a fracture where there is little to no proliferation, no bridging bone

Answer 18

oligotrophic nonunion

Question 19

a fracture where there is non bridging bone and bone is resorbing at edges

Answer 19

atrophic nonunion

Question 20

a fracture where there is non bridging bone and sequestrum

Answer 20

necrotic nonunion

Question 21

a fracture where there is non bridging bone and its too big to bridge

Answer 21

Defect - (avital)

Question 22

T/F: hypertrophic nonunion might still be vital

Answer 22

True- it can form pseudoarthrosis
-rare
chronic motion causes soft tissues to form a false joint

need surgery to stabilize so it can heal

Question 23

you see a dog with irregular perosteal proliferation on all limbs

what should you do

Answer 23

take radiographs of the thorax- could be a mass in the lung or elsewhere

(Hypertrophic osteopathy)

Question 24

Hypertrophic osteopathy starts ______ and progresses _____

Answer 24

starts distal and progresses proximal

Question 25

What causes hypertrophic osteopathy

Answer 25

disease in the thorax

-need to take thoracic radiographs

Question 26

dog with irregular lucent line in the metaphysis parallel to the normal physeal line
-presents as “double physis”

Answer 26

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Question 27

What can be a result of dogs with hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Answer 27

premature physeal closure leading to angular limb deformities

Question 28

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy typically occurs on what bones

Answer 28

distal ulna and radius
-usually bilateral

Question 29

What are the radiographic findings of hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Answer 29

1) irregular lucent line in the metaphysis parallel to the normal physeal line

2) +/- adjacent sclerosis

3) Regional soft tissue swelling

dogs often febrile and lame in more than 1 limb

Question 30

hanging protocol:
head goes to the

Answer 30

left

Question 31

hanging protocol”

medial goes to the

Answer 31

left

Question 32

hanging protocol:

lateral goes to the

Answer 32

right

Question 33

on an oblique, does the larger go dorsal or lateral

Answer 33

lateral wins over dorsal

Question 34

where does palmar osteochondral disease typically occur in horses

Answer 34

Fetlock- flattening of the distal palmar articular margin of MC3 with sclerosis

Question 35

a dog has a solitary mass on VD, shown on the right side of the patient, what recumbency position would show the mass best

Answer 35

left lateral recumbency

Question 36

what might cause non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Answer 36

-seizures (if severe)
-electric shock
-hyporexia
-near drowning event
-choking or upper resp obstruction
-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Question 37

What does aspiration pneumonia look like on radiograph

Answer 37

usually an alveolar pattern +/- interstitial and/or bronchial

*Almost always a ventral distribution- especially cranioventral
the alveolar pattern hides over the cardiac silhouette
right middle lung lobe or caudal part of left cranial lung lobe

Question 38

on a left lateral, what lung can you mostly see

Answer 38

Right lung

Question 39

on a right lateral, what lung can you mostly see

Answer 39

Left lung

Question 40

What widens pleural fissure lines, especially wider peripherally (triangle-shaped)

Answer 40

pleural effusions

Question 41

What is most likely the best treatment for food bloat -severe distention

Answer 41

Supportive care