ultrasound

Question 1

what is ultrasound

Answer 1

deep heating modality used for thermal and non-thermal effects

applying high frequency AC to a piezoelectric crystal - reverse piezoelectric effect

Question 2

generation of ultrasound

Answer 2

piezoelectric material expands and contracts in response to AC

crystal expands = compresses plate = spaced out waves
crystal contracts = rarefies plate =

Question 3

how is the ultrasound wave created

Answer 3

alternating compression-refraction from the expansion and contraction of the crystal = US wave

Question 4

where in the body is ultrasound used

Answer 4

heating of tissues c high collagen content - tendons, ligaments, joint capsules and fascia

not ideal for muscles

Question 5

compare US to superficial heating agents

Answer 5

heats smaller and deeper areas

Question 6

thermal effects of US

Answer 6

inc MTR
reduce pain and spasm
inc NCV, BF, tissue extensibility

Question 7

non-thermal effects of US

Answer 7

inc CM permeability, intracellular Ca ions, macrophage activity, protein synthesis

= wound healing

Question 8

indications for continuous/thermal

Answer 8

before stretching of shortened short tissues

reduction of pain

Question 9

indications for pulsed/non-thermal

Answer 9

accelerate tissue healing - ulcers, skin incisions, tendon injuries, bone fractures

phono/sonophoresis - localized transcutaneous drug delivery

Question 10

compare 3 MHz and 1 MHz

Answer 10

penetration is lower in 3 MHz bcs attenciates but can achieve higher temperatures

Question 11

depth of penetration of 3 MHz

Answer 11

1-2 cm

Question 12

depth of penetration of 1MHz

Answer 12

up to 5 cm

Question 13

discuss duty cycle for thermal effects

Answer 13

100% duty cycle bcs continous

Question 14

discuss duty cycle for non-thermal effects

Answer 14

usually starts at 20% duty cycle tas inc as u progress treatment gang 100

Question 15

what is duty cycle

Answer 15

pulse duration/pulse period

Question 16

how to we determine the intensity of warmth applied

Answer 16

from patient feedback

Question 17

what is BNR

Answer 17

ratio of spatial peak intensity to the spatial average intensity

spatial average - 1.5 W/cm^2

peal - 9 W/cm^2 - can cause burns kaya moving technique

Question 18

parameters for shortened soft tissues using 3 MHz

Answer 18

3 MHz x 0.5-1 W/cm^2 x 5-10 mins.

Question 19

parameters for shortened soft tissues using 1 MHz

Answer 19

1 MHz x 1.5-2.5 W/cm^2 x 5-10 mins.

Question 20

parameters for painful areas using 3 MHz

Answer 20

3 MHz x 0.5 W/cm^2 x 3-10 mins.

Question 21

parameters for painful areas using 1 MHz

Answer 21

1 MHz x 3.0 W/cm^2 x 3-10 mins.

Question 22

parameters for wound healing

Answer 22

3 MHz x 0.5-1 W/cm^2 x 20% duty cycle x 3-10 mins.

Question 23

parameters for acute tendon and ligamental repair

Answer 23

1/3 MHz x 0.5-1 W/cm^2 x duty cycle x 5-10 mins.

accelerate healing

Question 24

parameters for chronic tendon and ligamental repair

Answer 24

high enough intensity to increase temp, continous mode

address tissue shortening

Question 25

parameters for bone fractures

Answer 25

very low dose

1.5 MHz x 0.15 W/cm^2 x 20% duty cycle x 15-20 mins.

Question 26

parameters for CTS

Answer 26

1 MHz x 0.5-1 W/cm^2 x pulsed 1:4 x 5-15 mins.

Question 27

parameters for phonophoresis

Answer 27

3 MHz x 0.5-1 W/cm^2 x 20% duty cycle x 5-10 mins.

Question 28

discuss the significance of ERA

Answer 28

5-10 mins : 2x ERA

so if era is 10 cm^2 and area to be treated is 20 cm^2 = 5-10 mins

Question 29

when is US duration increased

Answer 29

lower intensity/frequency

area larger than 2x ERA

heating effects are deisred

Question 30

methods of appli

Answer 30

direct - moving technique - 2-8 cm/sec

glove or balloon technique - pag di flat surface

underwater treatment - distal ex, circumferential

Question 31

contra for US

Answer 31

malignant tumor

pregnancy

CNS tissue

joint cement or plastic parts of arthroplasty

pacemaker

thrombophlebitis

eyes

reproductive organs

Question 32

precautions for US

Answer 32

acute inflammation - dapat pulsed

epiphyseal plates

fractures - vv low dose dapat

breast implants

Question 33

temp and appli of non thermal

Answer 33

37.5°C - acute injury, edema healing

Question 34

temp and appli of mild thermal

Answer 34

38.5°C - subacute injury, hematoma

Question 35

temp and appli of mod thermal

Answer 35

39.5°C - chronic inflammation, pain, trigger points

Question 36

temp and appli of vigorous

Answer 36

41.5°C - stretch collagen