intro to physical agents

Question 1

what is the purpose of physical agents in rehab

Answer 1

application energy and materials to pt to assist rehab

Question 2

what are the physical agents used

Answer 2

heat
cold
water
pressure
sound
electromagnetic radiation
electrical currents

Question 3

what are the 3 main classifications of physical agents

Answer 3

thermal
electromagnetic
mechanical

Question 4

what is the use of thermal agents

Answer 4

transfer of energy to inc or dec tissue temp

Question 5

what are the 2 types of heating modalities

Answer 5

superficial and deep

Question 6

give examples of superficial heating modalities

Answer 6

HMP
PWB
fluidotherapy

Question 7

give examples of deep heating modalities

Answer 7

ultrasound
SWD and MWD

Question 8

give examples of cryotherapy

Answer 8

ice packs
vapocoolant spray
cold whirlpool

Question 9

give modalities that uses conduction

Answer 9

HMP
PWB
ice packs

Question 10

give modalities that uses convection

Answer 10

cold whirlpool
fluidotherapy

Question 11

give modalities that uses evaporation

Answer 11

vapocoolant spray

Question 12

give modalities that uses conversion

Answer 12

ultrasound and diathermy

Question 13

direct piezoelectric effects vs reverse piezoelectric effect

Answer 13

direct - mechanical to electrical energy

reverse - electrical to mechanical energy

Question 14

what is the use of mechanical agents

Answer 14

use of mechanical forces to inc or dec pressure in the body

Question 15

give examples of mechanical modalities

Answer 15

hydrotherapy
ICT and ILT
IPC
ESWT
US

Question 16

give the rationale on why hydrotherapy can be both thermal and mechanical

Answer 16

bcs water temperature can be cold or hot; but if purpose is for psi lang edi mechanical

Question 17

give the rationale for mechanical traction

Answer 17

ICT and ILT are used to distract body parts to provide relief for compression or impingement

Question 18

give the rationale ESWT

Answer 18

continuous shocks stimulates the muscles and can destroy nodules

Question 19

give the rationale for US

Answer 19

if used in continuous mode - thermal

pulsed mode - mechanical

Question 20

what is the use of electromagnetic agents

Answer 20

apply energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation or electric current

Question 21

what are examples of EMW modalities

Answer 21

UV radiation
diathermy
laser
infrared radiation

Question 22

how is energy in EMW transmitted

Answer 22

through oscillatory motion

Question 23

what is the rationale for ES

Answer 23

use of current to induce muscle contraction, change in sensation, edema reduction and tissue healing

Question 24

examples of ES modalities

Answer 24

neuromuscular ES
TENS

Question 25

discuss the goal of physical agents in the inflammatory phase

Answer 25

1-6 days post-injury reduce circulation, pain and enzyme activity rate control motion and hasten healing

Question 26

discuss the goal of physical agents in the proliferation phase

Answer 26

1st 3 days until about 20 days post-injury inc circulation, enzyme activity rate and promote collagen deposition

Question 27

discuss the goal of physical agents in the maturation phase

Answer 27

about 9 days up to 2 years post-injury assist in remodelling by altering balance of collagen deposition nad resorption

Question 28

define pain

Answer 28

unpleasant sensory and emotional exp

Question 29

what is pain for

Answer 29

signals actual or potential injury indicator of location and severity of damage

Question 30

explain how pain is felt

Answer 30

mostly through receptors found on skin - free nerve endings pero receptors din sa muscle, tendon or organs

Question 31

compare A-delta and C fibers in terms of neurons

Answer 31

both unipolar at DRG

Question 32

compare A-delta and C fibers in terms of diameter

Answer 32

A-delta - small C fibers - smallest

Question 33

compare A-delta and C fibers in terms of myelination

Answer 33

A-delta - myelinated C fibers - non myelinated

Question 34

compare A-delta and C fibers in terms of pain transmitted

Answer 34

A-delta - sharp, stabbing, pricking C fibers - dull, throbbing, aching, burning

Question 35

compare A-delta and C fibers in terms of pain description

Answer 35

A-delta - localized (acute) C fibers - diffusely localized (chronic)

Question 36

what are the 2 theories/systems that explain pain relief

Answer 36

gate control theory endogenous/endorphine opioid system

Question 37

explain the gate control theory

Answer 37

modalities such as ice pack will activate the inhibitory nature of the SG therefore blocking the path way of the spinothalamic tract no SG activation pain is rekta sa thalamus

Question 38

explain the endogenous/endorphine opioid system

Answer 38

pain is modulated by endogenous-opioids such as opiopeptins and endorphins and these are the chemical components in your blood this has a longer lasting effect

Question 39

discuss the rationale on why thermal agents alter collagen extensibility

Answer 39

inc temp will also inc tissue extensibility therefore reducing adhesions and muscle tightness

Question 40

discuss the pathway of pain transmission

Answer 40

source sa A-delta or C fibers - DRG - sensory nerve enters dorsal gray horn - passes the interneuron at lamina 2 - deposates at anterior spinothalamic tract - exits at white matter - thalamus - enters primary somatosensory area - secondary somatosensory area

Question 41

what is the primary somatosensory area for

Answer 41

broadmans 3 1 2 detects sensation only and not yet the type (pain, vibration)

Question 42

what is the secondary somatosensory area for

Answer 42

broadmans 5 and 7 identifies what type of sensation - pain, vibration

Question 43

why is it that there is still pain despite modalities according to the gate control theory

Answer 43

kung sa A-fibers na inhibit 80% lang yung meron pa sa C fibers na dadaan na pain kaya may onti padin na ma ffeel

Question 44

how does physical agents treat motion restrictions

Answer 44

they are adjunct to treatment of motion restrictions caused by muscle weakness, pain and soft tissue shortening or bony blocks

Question 45

how does physical agents modify muscle tone motion restrictions

Answer 45

in can temporarily modify hypertonicity, hypotonicity or fluctuating tone

Question 46

general contraindications and precautions for physical agents

Answer 46

pregnancy malignancy pacemakers or other implanted devices impaired sensation impaired mentation