diathermy Flashcards
what makes up an electromagnetic wave and how does it travel
alternate electric and magnetic waves that are perpendicular
travels via oscillatory motion
how fast does electromagnetic wave travel
3x10^8 m/s
compare non-ionizing vs ionizing
non - < or 10 eV; safe and cant break molecular bonds
ion - > 10 eV; leads to mutation or cell death
what are the forms of EM waves that are non-ionizing
radio
microwave
infrared
visible
UV
what are the forms of EM waves that are ionizing
x-ray and gamma ray
fates for EM
reflected
refracted
transmitted
absorbed
what is diathermy
use of shortwave and microwave energy to produce heat and bring physiological changes w/in tissues
wavelength of LWD
300-30 m
wavelength of SWD
30-3 m
wavelength of MWD
3-0.03 m
frequency of SWD
10-100 MHz
frequency of MWD
300 MHz - 300 GHz
penetration depth of LWD
deep
penetration depth of SWD
deeper
penetration depth of MWD
deepest
MWD has the deepest penetration out of all kinds of diathermy does that mean it produces most heat
no bcs that doesnt mean more heat effect on deeper structures; gets absorbed by fat
most common frequency band for SWD
27.12 MHz (11m)
most common frequency band for MWD
2,450 MHz (12 cm)
therapeutic use of LWD
no longer used bcs can cause electrical burns
therapeutic use of SWD
for rehab - thermal
therapeutic use of MWD
for rehab - thermal
factors for tissue absorption
amount of energy - inc nrg = inc absorb
tissue type - diff absorption rates
compare SWD to other agents
heats deeper tissues vs sficial agents
can heat larger areas vs US
not reflected by bones = no periosteal burning = pwede stationary vs US
compare MWD to other agents
has danger for overheating fats bcs energy is directly absorbed by tissues and some are reflected
so it reaches deepest but gets concentrated by fats
thermal effects of diathermy
pain control
accelerated tissue healing
inc BF - vasodil
inc metabolism
dec joint stiffness
inc collagen extensibility
muscle relaxation
conjunction w stretching to inc ROM
when are thermal effects of diathermy achieved
continuous mode
non-thermal effects of diathermy
inc microvascular perfusion - wound healing
modulates cell growth and div
accelerates CA binding to calmodulin
inc phagocytosis - SWD
inc ATP activity
further exp modulates cell growth and div due to diathermy
accelerates if slow and inhibits if fast
further accelerates Ca binding to calmodulin due to diathermy
inc cross bridges
what type of diathermy specifically inc phagocytosis
SWD
when are non-thermal effects of diathermy achieved
pulsed mode
in summary what is the purpose of non-thermal effects
for wound healing talaga and to treat chronic inflammation
what are the methods of SWD
capacitive plates - electric field
inductive coils - magnetic field
what are the methods of MWD
magnetron - condenser
what is the capacitive plate method
metal plate encased plastic or carbon rubber electrodes
high frequency AC = electric field = heating
techniques of appli of capacitive plates
contra-planar/transverse
co-planar
exp contra-planar/transverse
application
plate in series on each side of body part or sandwich
dapat din pantay distance to body of each bcs mas malapit = more heating
exp co-planar application
plates in parallel on same body surface; usually used sa back para di ma heat yung internal organs on anterior side
what are the 2 types of plates used in capacitive plating
capacitor or condenser electrodes (plate)
flexible or condenser pads
what is the distance betw capacitive plate and skin
1-3 inches or 2-10 cm
describe the heating in capacitive plates
produces more heat on superficial tissues kaya not effective if fats cover the deep muscle
what is the inductive coil method
coil where AC flows - magnetic field - heat
types of appli in inductive coils
drums - diplode and monode
sleeves w cables
sleeves w cables advantage
circumferential effect on limbs
describe the heating in inductive coils
most heating occurs on closest to applicator; fat is not an issue here
distance to tissue for inductive coils
slight air gap
SWD factors affecting field distribution
spacing - close to tissue = more superficial
small electrode size = more superficial
what is magnetron
high freq AC in an antenna = electromagnetic field
wehre is magnetron used
for smaller, defined areas
discuss heating w magnetron
Heats less deeply than SWD bcs naabsorb ng fat or reflected = risk burn on sficial skin or fat
distance of appli for magnetron
few inches
heat distribution of inductive coil
fat - min
muscle - max
bone - none
heat distribution of capacitive plate
fat - max
muscle - mod
bone - low
heat distribution of magnetron
fat - max
muscle - max
bone - none
heat distribution of US
fat - slight
muscle - max
bone - none
patient’s perceived tissue heating in dose I
non-thermal
patient’s perceived tissue heating in dose II
mild heat sensation
patient’s perceived tissue heating in dose III
moderate heat - comfortable
patient’s perceived tissue heating in dose IV
vigorous heating
commonly used dose for therapy
dose II and III for mild comfortable dry warmth
suggested clinical use for dose I
acute injuries - sprains, strains, etc.
suggested clinical use for dose II
subacute injuries
suggested clinical use for dose III
pain, muscle spasm, chronic inflammation
suggested clinical use for dose IV
inc BF, heating of collagen fibers for stretching of soft tissues
indications for diathermy for thermal level
pain control
accelerates tissue healing
decreases joint stiffness
increase soft tissue extensibility
indications for diathermy for non-thermal level
pain and edema control - mod of CM func not GC
soft tissue healing - inc O2
nerve and bone healing pero animals lng
contraindications for diathermy for thermal and non-thermal level
pacemakers or electronic-implants
metal implants
malignancies
thrombophelibitis
over abdomen, low back and pelvis of pregnant women
contraindications for diathermy specific to thermal level
over eyes and testes
over growing epiphyses of children
hemorrhage
contact lenses
contraindications for diathermy specific to non-thermal level
deep tissues - internal organs
precautions of diathermy
electronic devices nearby - 3-5 m away dapat
copper-bearing intrauterine contraceptives
obesity - capacitive SWD and MWD
impaired sensation or circulation
decrease consciousness
over moist clothes or sweat
atrophic, infected or damaged skin
growing epiphyses of children - PSWD
excessive exposure of PT
max exposure for PT
1-2 m - CSWD
0.5-1 m - PSWD
adverse effects of diathermy
burns
blistering
