U6

Question 1

systematic observational research

Answer 1

viewing and recording of a predetermined set of behaviours

Question 2

external validity

Answer 2

extent to which findings can be generalized

Question 3

ecological validity

Answer 3

degree to which research situation recreates psychological experiences ppl would have in real life

Question 4

coding system

Answer 4

set of rules to help guide how the researcher classifies and records behaviour under observation

Question 5

duration recording

Answer 5

recording the elapsed time which a particular behaviour occurs

Question 6

frequency count recording

Answer 6

recording each time a target behaviour occurs

Question 7

observation schedule

Answer 7

hard copy document on which observers note behaviours they are observing

Question 8

inter observer reliability

Answer 8

level of agreement between 2 observers coding the same phenomenon (inter-rater) (2 therapists 1 patient)

Question 9

intra-observer reliability

Answer 9

extent to which a single observer consistently codes a phenomenon (1 therapist 1 patient over 2 or more times)

Question 10

pilot testing

Answer 10

trial run used to test and refine the design, methods, and instruments of study before actual research
(provides opportunity for adjustments)

Question 11

continuous recording

Answer 11

procedural method for recording observations that involves recording all behaviour

Question 12

interval recording

Answer 12

procedural method that takes observations at specific intervals
identify when target behaviour occurs

Question 13

what is the goal of reliability

Answer 13

acceptable agreement

Question 14

contrive observation

Answer 14

artificially inducing a variable of interest then observing outcome (drugs)

Question 15

descriptive stats

Answer 15

quantitative research
(central tendency)

Question 16

N
x
s

Answer 16

N = sample #
x = sample mean
s = standard deviation

Question 17

categorical variables

Answer 17

classifying data into distinct groups

Question 18

continuous variable

Answer 18

infinite # of different values between 2 given points

Question 19

frequency distribution

Answer 19

graphical depiction of how scores distribute across range of values

Question 20

normal frequency distribution

Answer 20

• represents ideal distribution
• symmetrical
• basis for inferential stat testing

Question 21

when is the only time the DV is on the X axis

Answer 21

normal distribution

Question 22

when do the mean median and mode have the same X value

Answer 22

normal distribution

Question 23

kurtosis

Answer 23

expression of the narrowing or spread of a cluster of scores
- platykurtic
- mesokurtic
- leptokurtic

Question 24

• platykurtic
• mesokurtic
• leptokurtic

Answer 24

p
- flat, scores farther form mean, kurtosis score is neg
m
- normal, kurtosis score is 0
l
- scores are closer to the mean, kurtosis score is pos

Question 25

negative skewed distribution

Answer 25

tail on left side (low number of low scores)

Question 26

positive skewed distribution

Answer 26

tail on right side (low number of high scores

Question 27

mode

Answer 27

most frequent score (highest point in frequency distribution)

Question 28

bimodal

Answer 28

2 modes

Question 29

median (+ what its used for)

Answer 29

middle (can only have one)
- not affected by extreme outliers
- used w nominal or ordinal scales if data is highly skewed

Question 30

how to calculate median

Answer 30

order scores low to high find middle (if odd # of scores)
if even fine halfway point between two middle scores

Question 31

mean

Answer 31

most commonly used
add up scores and divide by the number of scores

Question 32

if the mean and median don’t align the distribution is deemed _______

Answer 32

skewed

Question 33

measures of variability are used to…

Answer 33

describe extent to which scores in a distribution differ from each other

Question 34

3 aspects of measures of variability

Answer 34

• indication of consistency of scores
• describes the accuracy of central tendency measures
• measures spread of outcome scores in sample

Question 35

range

Answer 35

• a crude measure (no pattern is shown_
• max x value - min x value

Question 36

what is the only measure of variability that is used for nominal and ordinal data

Answer 36

range

Question 37

variance and standard deviation (+ what scales)

Answer 37

• used for interval and ratio
• used to describe differences between scores
• based on normal distribution

Question 38

the magnitude of a scores deviation from the mean is called _______

Answer 38

error

Question 39

if you add up all deviations in a measure the sum should be _____

Answer 39

0

Question 40

N-1 represents ________________

Answer 40

degrees of freedom

Question 41

1 sd unit (+/-) includes approx ________% of scores

Answer 41

68%

Question 42

what types of data use the coefficient of variation

Answer 42

interval and ratio data

Question 43

advantages of the coefficient of variation

Answer 43

• unitless
• understanding results is more universal

Question 44

z-score

Answer 44

1 raw score minus the sample mean divided by the sample number (also eliminates units)

Question 45

if the z-score = 0 then score must be

Answer 45

on the mean

Question 46

frequency

Answer 46

number of times a score occurs

Question 47

proportion equation

Answer 47

p = f/n

f= # of cases in a study
n= # of cases total

Question 48

percentage equation

Answer 48

% = (f/n) x100

f= # of cases in a study
n= # of cases total

Question 49

ratio (and equation)

Answer 49

compares sizes of categories

r = f1/f2

f1 = cases in first category
f2 = cases in second catagory

Question 50

rates (and equation)

Answer 50

number of individual occurrences of something divided by the number of possible occurrences per unit of time
(multiplied by a power of 10 to eliminate decimals)

rate = (actual occurrences/ possible occurrences) x 1000