U3 Flashcards
utilitarian perspective
working towards the greater good for the greatest number of people
altruistic perspective
helping others without personal benefit
egoism
individuals act in accordance with their own self interests
research ethics are governed by _______ and ________ policy
federal
institutional
research misconduct
breach in procedures of research ethics
factors affecting ethical research
- scientific competition
- societal norms
- political influence
- trends in research
when conducting research _________ must be identified and acknowledged
previous studies
how do you identify sources of error in your study
- identify limitations
- perform piolet test (test drive instrument)
ethical research is a ______ responsibility between internal (_______) and external (_______) groups
shared
- researchers
- ppl not in association with study
human subject committee (external)
- research needs there stamp of approval before publishing
- members are non institutional members of the community
- protect rights of human participants
scientific journal personal (external)
- determine quality of study
- process is prone to ethical violations through editors and reviewers competing interests and political favours
other ways scientific work is checked
- scientific community
- readership of journals
- letters written to editors
review level classifications
- exempt (not reviewed)
- expedited (reviewed by a qualified member of the research ethics board)
- full review (reviewed by at least 5 members of REB)
Nuremberg code
established basic principles
- voluntary consent is nessecarry
- capacity to consent
- freedom from coercion
- comprehension of risks and benefits
- competence of investigator
declaration of Helsinki
built upon Nuremberg code
- emphasized review of research protocols
- called on an institutional review board
Belmont report
basic principle in US
- respect for persons
- autonomy
- cost benefit analysis
- beneficence
- non-maleficence
- justice
cost benefit analysis
assessment of risks and benefit for participant
benefit much outweighs risk
beneficence
acting with the purpose of benefiting others
non-maleficence
- researchers should do no harm
- aim to reduce risks to participants try to protect confidentiality and anonymity
justice
- requires benefits and burdens of research to be distributed fairly
- participants cannot be selected bc of favour or disdain
tuskegee syphilis study
- wanted to examine how untreated syphiliis progressed
- took 400 African American males who were illiterate
- didnt know they had the disease and where denied treatment
what aspects of the Belmont report does the Tuskegee study violate
justice and benevolence
falsified/fabricated data
- made up new data
- ex. MMR vaccine and autism
massaging data
- p-hacking (manipulating data to earn statistical significance)
- making data look better but not by actually changing data
