U3

Question 1

utilitarian perspective

Answer 1

working towards the greater good for the greatest number of people

Question 2

altruistic perspective

Answer 2

helping others without personal benefit

Question 3

egoism

Answer 3

individuals act in accordance with their own self interests

Question 4

research ethics are governed by _______ and ________ policy

Answer 4

federal
institutional

Question 5

research misconduct

Answer 5

breach in procedures of research ethics

Question 6

factors affecting ethical research

Answer 6

• scientific competition
• societal norms
• political influence
• trends in research

Question 7

when conducting research _________ must be identified and acknowledged

Answer 7

previous studies

Question 8

how do you identify sources of error in your study

Answer 8

• identify limitations
• perform piolet test (test drive instrument)

Question 9

ethical research is a ______ responsibility between internal (_______) and external (_______) groups

Answer 9

shared
- researchers
- ppl not in association with study

Question 10

human subject committee (external)

Answer 10

• research needs there stamp of approval before publishing
• members are non institutional members of the community
• protect rights of human participants

Question 11

scientific journal personal (external)

Answer 11

• determine quality of study
• process is prone to ethical violations through editors and reviewers competing interests and political favours

Question 12

other ways scientific work is checked

Answer 12

• scientific community
• readership of journals
• letters written to editors

Question 13

review level classifications

Answer 13

• exempt (not reviewed)
• expedited (reviewed by a qualified member of the research ethics board)
• full review (reviewed by at least 5 members of REB)

Question 14

Nuremberg code

Answer 14

established basic principles
- voluntary consent is nessecarry
- capacity to consent
- freedom from coercion
- comprehension of risks and benefits
- competence of investigator

Question 15

declaration of Helsinki

Answer 15

built upon Nuremberg code
- emphasized review of research protocols
- called on an institutional review board

Question 16

Belmont report

Answer 16

basic principle in US
- respect for persons
- autonomy
- cost benefit analysis
- beneficence
- non-maleficence
- justice

Question 17

cost benefit analysis

Answer 17

assessment of risks and benefit for participant
benefit much outweighs risk

Question 18

beneficence

Answer 18

acting with the purpose of benefiting others

Question 19

non-maleficence

Answer 19

• researchers should do no harm
• aim to reduce risks to participants try to protect confidentiality and anonymity

Question 20

justice

Answer 20

• requires benefits and burdens of research to be distributed fairly
• participants cannot be selected bc of favour or disdain

Question 21

tuskegee syphilis study

Answer 21

• wanted to examine how untreated syphiliis progressed
• took 400 African American males who were illiterate
• didnt know they had the disease and where denied treatment

Question 22

what aspects of the Belmont report does the Tuskegee study violate

Answer 22

justice and benevolence

Question 23

falsified/fabricated data

Answer 23

• made up new data
• ex. MMR vaccine and autism

Question 24

massaging data

Answer 24

• p-hacking (manipulating data to earn statistical significance)
• making data look better but not by actually changing data

Question 25

can reporting non significant stats be valuable

Answer 25

yes