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2360 > U4 > Flashcards

U4 Flashcards

1
Q

theory

A

idea/problem identification

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2
Q

hypothesis

A

educated guess

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3
Q

observation

A

collect data

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4
Q

empirical generalization

A

interpret observations

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5
Q

quantitative method occur between ________ and ________

A

observation
empirical generalization

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6
Q

purpose of research process

A

bring objectivity

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7
Q

steps in research design

A
  • select design (true quasi non experimental)
  • determine measure (reliability validity error effectiveness)
  • recruit participants
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8
Q

population

A

total number of cases or items of interest within a defined region

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9
Q

is it easy to get access to a whole population

A

no

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10
Q

parameters

A

numbers that characterize a population

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11
Q

mu
sigma
rho

A

mean
standard deviaation
correlational coefficient
(population)

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12
Q

sample

A

relatively small subset of population intended to represent that population

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13
Q

random sample

A

individuals in sample are randomly selected

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14
Q

issues with sampling

A
  • sample may not be representative
  • its difficult to randomly select (ppl must volunteer for study)
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15
Q

statistics

A

numbers that characterize the sample

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16
Q

X
Sx
r

A

mean
standard deviation
correlational coefficient
(sample)

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17
Q

data

A

sourced on variable or info expressed as numbers

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18
Q

variable

A

traits that can change values from case to case

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19
Q

cases

A

entities from which data are gathered

20
Q

descriptive stat analysis

A
  • basic characteristics of a person or group
21
Q

uni vs bi vs multi variate

A
  • summarize 1 variable
  • relationship between 2 variables
  • relationship btwn 3+
22
Q

inferential stat analysis

A

inferring results of analysis to larger population
involves:
- hypothesis testing
- descriptive stats

helps establish cause and effect relationships

23
Q

discrete variable

A
  • measured in units that can’t be subdivided
    (clear gaps and whole numbers)
24
Q

continuous variable

A
  • can be subdivided
    (continuous, no gaps, factions)
25
Q

precision

A

exactness of measure - sensitivity of instrument

26
Q

adding categories to surveys and questionnaires _________ precision to an extent

A

increases

27
Q

nominal scale

A

no value just counting number of occurrences
ex) sex at birth (male or female)

28
Q

nominal scales must be __________, __________ and __________

A

mutually exclusive
exhaustive
homogeneous

29
Q

ordinal scale

A

categorical with natural order (scale)
ex) personality traits agreement low to high

30
Q

interval scale

A

describes a quantity using numbers
set about/interval separates scores
- no true 0 can have neg values
ex) temp

31
Q

ratio scale

A

scores represent amount of variables present
- true 0
ex) employee salaries

32
Q

parameters vs stats

A

p = assumed (inferred observations that reflect a larger pop)
s = observers and calculated from sample

33
Q

empirical study

A

observing or collecting data

34
Q

random sampling techniques

A

table of numbers
sampling w and without replacement

35
Q

steps in systematic sampling

A
  • list of accessible pop
  • determine interval size (I) I= pop size/samp size
  • randomly select start number (k) between 0-I
  • start at k and select every kth person
  • number of respondents/samp size = response rate
36
Q

stratified random sampling

A
  • separates population into different categories and randomly selects a sample from each catagory (very representative)
    ex) taking 50% from each category
37
Q

potential problem w stratified random sampling

A

unequal sample sizes

38
Q

disproportional sampling

A

create equal sample sizes
ex) take 20 ppl from each catagory

39
Q

potential problem w disproportional sampling

A

some categories are overrepresented (less representative of population

40
Q

cluster sampling

A

divide population into clusters according to specific criteria
(randomly select respecified # of clusters and participants from each cluster)

41
Q

convenience sampling

A

participants chosen based on availibility
(most popular)

42
Q

quota sampling

A

stopping selection once adequate number is achieved

43
Q

purposive sampling

A

researcher hand picks ppl based on specific characteristics

44
Q

snowball sampling

A

chain referral

45
Q

advantages and disadvantages of self report

A

a - convenient, cost effective, time efficient, first hand experience
d - ppl want to look good, ppl may answer how they think the researcher wants them too, inaccurate recall

2360 (8 decks)

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