U4

Question 1

theory

Answer 1

idea/problem identification

Question 2

hypothesis

Answer 2

educated guess

Question 3

observation

Answer 3

collect data

Question 4

empirical generalization

Answer 4

interpret observations

Question 5

quantitative method occur between ________ and ________

Answer 5

observation
empirical generalization

Question 6

purpose of research process

Answer 6

bring objectivity

Question 7

steps in research design

Answer 7

• select design (true quasi non experimental)
• determine measure (reliability validity error effectiveness)
• recruit participants

Question 8

population

Answer 8

total number of cases or items of interest within a defined region

Question 9

is it easy to get access to a whole population

Answer 9

no

Question 10

parameters

Answer 10

numbers that characterize a population

Question 11

mu
sigma
rho

Answer 11

mean
standard deviaation
correlational coefficient
(population)

Question 12

sample

Answer 12

relatively small subset of population intended to represent that population

Question 13

random sample

Answer 13

individuals in sample are randomly selected

Question 14

issues with sampling

Answer 14

• sample may not be representative
• its difficult to randomly select (ppl must volunteer for study)

Question 15

statistics

Answer 15

numbers that characterize the sample

Question 16

X
Sx
r

Answer 16

mean
standard deviation
correlational coefficient
(sample)

Question 17

data

Answer 17

sourced on variable or info expressed as numbers

Question 18

variable

Answer 18

traits that can change values from case to case

Question 19

cases

Answer 19

entities from which data are gathered

Question 20

descriptive stat analysis

Answer 20

• basic characteristics of a person or group

Question 21

uni vs bi vs multi variate

Answer 21

• summarize 1 variable
• relationship between 2 variables
• relationship btwn 3+

Question 22

inferential stat analysis

Answer 22

inferring results of analysis to larger population
involves:
- hypothesis testing
- descriptive stats

helps establish cause and effect relationships

Question 23

discrete variable

Answer 23

• measured in units that can’t be subdivided
  (clear gaps and whole numbers)

Question 24

continuous variable

Answer 24

• can be subdivided
  (continuous, no gaps, factions)

Question 25

precision

Answer 25

exactness of measure - sensitivity of instrument

Question 26

adding categories to surveys and questionnaires _________ precision to an extent

Answer 26

increases

Question 27

nominal scale

Answer 27

no value just counting number of occurrences ex) sex at birth (male or female)

Question 28

nominal scales must be __________, __________ and __________

Answer 28

mutually exclusive exhaustive homogeneous

Question 29

ordinal scale

Answer 29

categorical with natural order (scale) ex) personality traits agreement low to high

Question 30

interval scale

Answer 30

describes a quantity using numbers set about/interval separates scores - no true 0 can have neg values ex) temp

Question 31

ratio scale

Answer 31

scores represent amount of variables present - true 0 ex) employee salaries

Question 32

parameters vs stats

Answer 32

p = assumed (inferred observations that reflect a larger pop) s = observers and calculated from sample

Question 33

empirical study

Answer 33

observing or collecting data

Question 34

random sampling techniques

Answer 34

table of numbers sampling w and without replacement

Question 35

steps in systematic sampling

Answer 35

- list of accessible pop - determine interval size (I) I= pop size/samp size - randomly select start number (k) between 0-I - start at k and select every kth person - number of respondents/samp size = response rate

Question 36

stratified random sampling

Answer 36

- separates population into different categories and randomly selects a sample from each catagory (very representative) ex) taking 50% from each category

Question 37

potential problem w stratified random sampling

Answer 37

unequal sample sizes

Question 38

disproportional sampling

Answer 38

create equal sample sizes ex) take 20 ppl from each catagory

Question 39

potential problem w disproportional sampling

Answer 39

some categories are overrepresented (less representative of population

Question 40

cluster sampling

Answer 40

divide population into clusters according to specific criteria (randomly select respecified # of clusters and participants from each cluster)

Question 41

convenience sampling

Answer 41

participants chosen based on availibility (most popular)

Question 42

quota sampling

Answer 42

stopping selection once adequate number is achieved

Question 43

purposive sampling

Answer 43

researcher hand picks ppl based on specific characteristics

Question 44

snowball sampling

Answer 44

chain referral

Question 45

advantages and disadvantages of self report

Answer 45

a - convenient, cost effective, time efficient, first hand experience d - ppl want to look good, ppl may answer how they think the researcher wants them too, inaccurate recall