U4AOS2 STATS Flashcards
How fast was China’s population growing when the CCP took power?
15mil/yr
How bad was inflation in 1949?
1000%
How bad was industrial production in 1949?
50% of pre-war levels
How bad was food production in 1949?
food prod = down 25% = esp felt in cities
How many of the initial PRC provisional government ministers were non-CCP
11/24 initial govt ministers = non-CCP (part of 8 LW/dem parties)
What were the 4 classes of Mao’s so-called ‘democratic coalition’?
o Peasantry
o Proletariat (workers)
o Petite-bourgeoisie (sml bus owners)
o National capitalists (‘loyal industrialists’ = expertise in econ/bus/ind)
Inflation improvement
85,000% 1949 → 15% 1951
How did the CCP improve government revenue?
X2 govt revenue 1950-51 thru reformed tax system
How many PRC (People’s Volunteer Army) troops cross the Yalu River on 15 Oct 1950?
350,000
How many casualties did the PRC suffer in the Korean War?
900K Ch troops killed/MIA/wounded + 500K killed
How much land were landlords still allowed to keep under the Agrarian Reform Law and what were the conditions?
up to ½ land if cultivated by immediate fam/rented to hired hands
How businesses were investigated during Wufan and how many were found guilty?
450K businesses investigated → 340K found guilty of at least 1 anti
How much had the Chinese urban population increased in the CCP’s early years?
1949-57 urban pop x2 (57mil → 100mil)
What were the provisions of the PRC’s treaty with the USSR (14 Feb 1950)?
mutual defence pact, $300mil loan, sci/ind/tech expertise, pol/econ strategists
How many different industrial enterprises did the 1st 5YP aim to construct?
700
What was Gao Gang’s position in the CCP?
appt head of State Planning Comm (oversaw 5YP) in late 1952
How was the 1st 5YP’s budget split?
o Heavy ind = 89%
o Manufacturing = 11%
How many households were in Mutual Aid Teams?
6-10 fams
How many households were in Lower Agricultural Co-Operatives?
20-40 households
After what threshold could Lower Agricultural Co-operatives profit off of their produce?
after meeting ¼ harvest yield govt quota
How many households were in Higher Agricultural Co-operatives?
100-300 households
What was the 1st 5YP’s impact on industrial output?
1957 gross ind output exceed initial goal by 21%
How much did government expenditure on industry increase by during the 1st 5YP
x5
At what rate did industrial production increase during the 1st 5YP?
10-16%/yr
How many Soviet advisors came to the PRC as a result of their 1950 treaty?
10,000
How many people went to the USSR for training as a result of their 1950 treaty?
28,000
How much of the total investment into the 1st 5YP came from Soviet funding?
3%
What were the agricultural outcomes of the 1st 5YP?
• Farming prod only inc 4%/yr
• Grain prod only inc 2-3%/yr
• Soybeans/cotton prod = dec
How fast was the Chinese population growing during the 1st 5YP?
2.2%/yr
What was Mao’s initial goal for agricultural collectivisation?:
Collectivise 1/2 peasantry by end 1957
What proportion of peasants were living in collectivised farms by the end of 1956?
97%
What was Mao’s initial goal for nationalising the private sector?
Achieve joint st/priv ownership of all priv-owned enterprises by end 1957
How fast was Mao’s nationalisation goal achieved
Achieved by Jan 1957 = 1 mo after announcing goal
How many people gathered in Tianamen Square on 15 Jan 1957 to celebrate the achievement of Mao’s nationalisation goal?
200,000 - celebrate socialism triumph over cap
When was the 8th Party Congress?
Sep 1956
How many intellectuals/students were rounded up for struggle sessions in Deng’s Anti-Rightest campaign?
100,000s
What was quota for institutions that employed intellectuals to expose staff with ‘right leanings’
5%
What proportion of GMD Rev Comm + Dem League members convicted of “anti-Comm, anti-ppl, anti-socialist bourg line” during the First Anti-Rightest Campaign?
40%
How many people were sent to ‘re-education’ (hard labour) camps during the first Anti-Rightest Campaign?
300,000-400,000 - Some stay 10-20yrs
In which article of the PRC Constitution were women’s rights enshrined
A48
How many women were members of the All-China Women’s Federation
76mil
How big were the PCs?
up to 5000 fams + 100,000 ppl/PC
How was the PC workforce organised/miliatarised?
split up into 10-20 brigades of dozens of work teams - “battle nature” = farming
How many sparrows did the PRC ask the USSR for?
200,000
How much were grain yields inflated by party cadres?
Area of land that usually would prod 1tn of rice grain now claim prod 15-30tn
How much grain was China producing during the GLF vs how much were they reporting?
o 1958 300 mil tn grain but reported 450mil tn
o 1959 170mil tn grain but reported 500mil tn
By how much did the CCP increase grain levies in mid 1958?
30% → 90%
How much were grain quotas revised during the Wuhan Plenum (Dec 1958)
450mil tn → 370mil tn = 200mil tn above amt prod in 1959
How much were grain quotas revised during the Lushan Plenum (July 1959)?
370mil tn to 270mil tn = still 100mil tn more than supply
How many people died during the Three Bed Years Famine?
30mil (Becker)
By how much were PC sizes reduced by Liu?
1/2
How big did Liu reduce work team sizes down to?
30ppl
How much did private grain production increase as a result of Liu’s retreat and recovery plan?
end of 1962 gr prod inc 6mil tn → 10mil tn
How much did industrial production change as a result of Liu’s retreat and recovery plan?
1963-65 heavy ind prod inc 17% + light ind 27%
What countries did Zhou allow grain imports from?
Aus + Ca
What was the focus of the SEM?
‘Four Clean-ups’
Collection of comm gr
Distrib of work pts
Accounting procedures
Care of pub property
How many LRBs were in circulation by the end of 1966?
1bn
How many RGs rallied in TS on 18 Aug 1966?
1mil+
How many people travelled to Beijing in August 1966 to be ‘reviewed’ by Mao?
10mil+
How many portraits of Mao were produced?
2.2bn
How many people died in RG/rebel worker infighting?
650Kppl die 1966-68
For how long did violence continue after the implementation of the new ‘3 in 1’ revolutionary committees?
18 months
How many times was Peng Dehuai assaulted in the RG’s ‘struggle sessions’?
130
How many denunciation meetings was Peng Zhen subject to in the RG’s ‘struggle sessions’?
200
How many people died in the ‘Cleansing of the Class Ranks’ movement (1967-68)
1.5mil
Example violence in ‘Cleansing of the Class Ranks’ movement
Guangxi
Aug 1967
11 days
3600ppl died
How many people were ‘sent down to villages’
1968-72 17mil
What was significant about the makeup of the 9PC (Apr 1969)?
o Vet party members outnumbered by new comrades = new era of CCP
o Mil men = 66% Congress
What proportion of regional CCP cadres were purged during the CR?
70-80%
How many members of the Politburo retained their post after the CR?
9/23
Leadership changes after CR ended at 9PC (Apr 1969)
o M re-elected as Chair of CC + Party
o Liu officially purged - labelled a ‘scab’ in CC resolution
o Deng demoted/purged
o CRSG dissolved
o LB = VC + M’s successor
o Wives of M/LB/Kang Sheng/ZE joined Pb
Economic consequences of the CR
o Ind prod dec 17% by 1967
o Elec generation dec 30%
o Cost Ch econ $34bn
How many cultural sites in Beijing were defaced?
5000/6800
How did the CR impact junior middle school?
o By 1976 x15 more jr MS than 1965
How did life expectancy in China change 1949-76?
1949 35yo → 1957 57yo → 1975 63yo
How many people died in the ‘Cleansing of the Class Ranks’ movement?
1.5mil
What were the ‘Four Modernisations’ (Aug 1973)?
agriculture
industry
national defence
science and tech
Details of ‘danwei’
danwei = work units
prov emp w/ subsidies accommodation, healthcare + pensions
‘iron rice bowl’ b/c guaranteed livelihood/soc welfare
What proportion of land was handed over to the peasants during Fanshen?
47%
How much did the average peasant’s land holdings increase due to Fanshen?
x2
(and X have to pay rent)
How many staff did the All-China Women’s Federation employ by the mid-1950s?
40,000 - helped Ch women become edu + exercise rights outlined in 1950 New Marriage Law
Impact of GLF on education
Req 9yrs of compulsory + free edu
1976 Ch edu system taught 218mil kids
lit rates inc from 20% 1949 → 70% 1976
Barefoot doctors program details
equipped uni students w/ 6mo basic med training → deliver vax, assist childbirth + admin health edu campaigns
“Fairly effective healthcare system” (Mabo)
How much hard labour were ‘rightists’ sentenced to?
5-20yrs
What was the ‘commodity basket’ system
System of wage regulation to ensure workers were paid enough to buy 5 basic necessities = rice, wheat, oil, coal + cotton
Details of 1st 5YP’s origins
- 1 Oct 1953 M announce beginning of ‘general line for the trans to soc’
- 1952-57
- focused on construction of 700 diff ind enterprises
- spurred collectivisation debate b/w Gradualists (Liu + Chen Yuan - ‘no collect w/out mod’) vs M + Chen Boda = want immediate collect to stem P’s ‘spontaneous cap tendencies’
How did the 1st 5YP develop overtime?
- 1955 M opp Pb consensus on Grad approach to collect → start appealing to rural party cadres w/ speech ‘On Agri Co-op’ → mid 1956 announce goal of collect 1/2 P by end 1957 → achieved 97% by end 1956
- 1st 5YP running out 1957 + cont pol tensions abt collect → GLF (add more info pls)
Reasons for the the 1st 5YP
• Devastation of 12 yrs of war (WWII → CW) → destruction of infrast + communications
• Industrial prod = 50% of pre-war levels
• Large-scale unemp in cities
• Food shortages esp in cities bc food prod = down 25%
• 1949-57 urban pop x2 (57mil → 100mil)
• GMD already set up national ind investment policy = Nat Resources Com. = 200K workers
• 14 Feb 1950 PRC sign treaty w USSR = mutual defence pact, $300mil loan, sci/ind/tech expertise, pol/econ strategists help implement Stalinist dev model = ind growth funded by surpluses from collectivised agri
• By 1953 CCP already est stability thru:
o Social + pol campaigns
o Inflation under control
o Ensured mil control of Ch for 1st time ever
Reason for Thought Reform
Prominent intell opp CCP regime
• Hu Shi (founder of NCM) = in T working for JJ as GMD foreign min
• Liang Shuming critic MZ/CCP view of rev as peasant driven
Thought Reform details
• Intro Sep 1951
• Targeted intell class
• Followed same process as Rectification Campaign: lecture → criticise their bourg attitudes in grp discussion → struggle sessions where intel forced to correct attitudes to align w Marx → ‘re-education’= hard labour if refuse
• Publicly denounced well-known intell
Reason for Sanfan + Wufan
Sanfan - Ex-GMD members in govt = unreliable → “We need to have a good clean-up” – MZ
Wufan - MZ believe ind/business sector = cause of govt corruption/disloyalty
Sanfan + Wufan details
Sanfan
• Intro Nov 1951
• Consisted of 3 Antis/Evils = corruption, waste, bureaucratism
• Targeted govt officials + party cadres
Wufan
• Intro 1952
• Targeted business owners + industrialists
• 450K businesses investigated 340K found guilty of at least 1 anti
• Usually lenient punishment (fines, imprisonment) but pressured to relinquish part/full ownership to st
8th Party Congress
Sep 1956
Start to lim M’s power:
o Dir ref to MZ Thought in constit removed
o Create new leadership team = Liu Shaoqi + Deng Xiaoping
o Zhou Enlai pub critic fast-paced collectivisation advocated for by M
Influence of USSR on launch of HFC
Destalinisation → CCP start to lim M’s power at 8PC
Mass uprisings in H + Pol → M fears HToS will fade away
Aims of HFC
• inc party awareness of pop needs/demands = essentially mass line but focused on intell class
• ‘vaccinating the masses’ against discontent
• solve collectivisation debate
• bring back tech expertise/innovation lost thru Wufan/Thought Reform
• change M’s image
• reinvigorate rev zeal by shaking up party bureucracy
Why had the HFC not taken off by the end of 1956?
lack of support from CCP e.g. Peng Zhen (mayor of B) lim what PRC newppr Ppl’s Daily
intel class still suspicious
How did M finally instigate the HFC?
Feb 1957 M gave speech (On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People) to the Supreme St Conference = non-CCP
→ demo M’s frustration w party leadership
→ dist HFC w past anti-intell campaigns
→ travel thru Ch appealing to rural cadres
→ Apr 1957 Ppl’s Daily finally endorse HFC → critics start + workers strike in cities
CCP response to HFC
- June 1957 M issue edited version of 1940 ‘On Contradictions’ in PD - dist b/w poisonous weeds + fragrant flowers
- Anti-Rightest Campaign (100,000s students + intell rounded up for struggle sessions + 300K-400K sent to concentration camps)
Reasons for GLF
- end of 1st 5YP - no consensus on collectivisation debate
- inspo from USSR - Oct 1957 USSR launch Sputnik + Kruschev declare Sov overtake US in 5 key ind sectors in 15 yrs
- Seeking Truth from Facts tour - M inspo by massive water proj built by mils of P = far exceeding targets
How did Mao build momentum/support for the GLF
Early 1958
M lobby thru speeches to Sup St Conf, Nat Ppl’s C + central/prov party leaders
Advocated for rejuvination of ‘rev virtue’ in econ
Aims of GLF
Idealistic:
rejuvination of ‘rev virtue’ in econ
- backwardness = good b/c prog only thru struggle
- pol will/rev enthusiasm will overcome material deficiencies
- soc rev #1 thn econ growth will organically follow
- P = ignorant + desperate → drive forward rev b/c most easy to manip
Pragmatic:
create self-suff rural econ so Ch econ can ‘walk on two feet’ w/ minimal investment b/c P generate own $ → dec need for ‘expert planners’/bureaucracy
o Employ peasants for labour-intensive proj during off-season → build infra/prod sml goods/inc morale + enthusiasm for collective work
o Est collectives (like Yenan) → use local expertise to prod sml scale goods
o Create a “tech rev” – giving peasants skills/knowledge thru practical exp
→ creates “socialist-conscious, cultured labourers” w/ X need for intel or high-skilled experts who could critic the CCP
Lysenkoism
Details:
intro 1958 after unusually good harvest (good weather)
o Acclimatising ill-suited crops to Ch environ
o Close planting
o Deep ploughing
Outcomes:
dec yield + quality of soil
Wuhan Plenum
28 Nov-10 Dec 1958
Aim: address growing concerns abt news of famine, waning enthusiasm + reality of prod figures
Outcomes:
- reaffirmed GL
- dec grain levy 450mil tn → 370mil tn
- intro incentives for P inc prod e.g. reopen sml priv markets + fam allowed to cultivate sml veg plots
- X comm kitchens
- investigative teams sent out from B (but only suggest minor changes to GLF)
- M step down as Pres
- Peng Duhuai visit home in Hunan → horrified by poverty → pledge to tell CCP → purged after speaking vs M at Lushan Plenum → GLF doubles down
Lushan Plenum
July 1959
- Peng sent letter ahead of time expressing concern abt pending famine
- M read letter to plenum + let Pb speak their mind → agree w/ Peng
- M demos ‘speaking frank’ = assumes responsibility for flawed concept but pivoted blame + warned further critic ≠ acceptable
→ 16 Aug 1959 Peng Duahuai purged from party + labelled ‘anti-party element’ → renewed ‘Anti-R campaign’ vs ‘Little Peng Duahuais’
How did CCP suppress news of the famine
o Intercepted mail
o Villages under lockdown – impris for ‘vagrancy’ if try to leave
Outcomes of famine
• Cannibalism – ‘famine culture’ of ‘swap child, make food’ – Becker
• Husbands sold wives/daughter into prost for food
• 1000s kids orphaned/abandoned (left in pits)
• 30 mil ppl died – Becker: “in sheer terms of numbers, no other event comes close to this’
7000 Cadres Conference
Jan 1962
Aims: review policies from 2YP + discuss who/what was responsible for famine
Outcomes:
- CC endorse ‘3 Priv + 1 Guarantee’ = farm sml plots/prod handicrafts/sell prod @ markets (3) BUT must meet govt quotas (1)
- M replicate self-criticism from Lushan → treated like ‘dead ancestor’ → retreats from party + devises SEM
- Liu/Deng/Zhou adopt conservative recovery strategy
When was the SEM launched
Sep 1962 at 10th Plenum but cadres X enthusiastic (Hsu)
How did the SEM develop over time?
- Feb 1963 CCP adopt M’s “Early 10 Pts” = vague blueprint for SEM
→ ‘mass line’ approach of immersing cadres in P comm + agitating for P to ID + punish corruption - Sep 1963 Deng update to “Later 10 Pts” = changed to internal CCP campaign by replacing role of P w/ reliable cadre work teams
→ fail b/c corrupt off cont dodge punishment
→ Liu’s wife Wang report prov officials silencing P complaints + exploiting labour/resources to build own homes - Sep 1964 Liu draft “Revised Later 10 Pts” = larger work teams
→ purge 5mil CCP
Outcomes of SEM
- 5mil CCP purged
- inc pol div b/w M + Liu b/c L allowed work teams to behave dictatorially → suppressing P’s rev potential
- addressed P corruption but X reinvigorate rev values of P = fail to addres ‘cap tendencies’ of P
Learn from PLA
Feb 1964 officially launched in PD
RA-style politicisation of PLA → model correct soc behaviour:
- commissars appt to all lvls of mil to give pol instruction
- X ranks on army uniforms
- est pol bureaus in schools/factories etc
- sponsored art fests/performances/lit campaigns to inc pol edu
Learn from Lei Feng
fabricated story of model soc behaviour → prog thru struggle b/c exploited by LL → joined PLA → read LRB everyday
song made abt him
Pre-cursors to CR
• 1963 ban ‘Ghost Drama’ genre of trad Ch opera bc ‘superstitious’
• 1962 M warns ‘the use of novels for anti-P activity is a great invention’
• Jan 1965 M urge Pb to create ‘5-man group’ led by PZ to investigate how to carry out CR – specific target = vice mayor of B = Wu Han = author of allegorical novel turned play ‘Hai Rui Dismissed From Office’
May 16 Circular
- created CRSG
- X dir name target of CR but called for:
o ‘the whole party must follow MZ’s instructions’
o Expose reactioniaires w/in CCP purge them
o Remove threats to M’s power = “successors” = Liu – bc fear PRC will be ‘on the cap rd’ like the USSR under Kruschev
How did Lin Biao contribute to CR hysteria
Late May 1966 said in PD: “Mao is a genius”
pub LRB
16 Pts
Early Aug 1966
CC plenum
alluded to Liu as ‘cap roader’ + ‘revisionist’
added structure to how M16C should be addressed
→ Liu offers self-criticism → demoted
