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History Revs > U4AOS1 STATS > Flashcards

U4AOS1 STATS Flashcards

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1
Q

Modernisation successes during the Nationalist Decade

A
  • 1927-36 highways inc 606% + factories inc x2 + aircraft x40 bc est nat airline
  • Est Central Bank of Ch
  • Devised modern style govt budget
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2
Q

What were the 5 bureaus (yuans) of govt that the GMD devised during the ND?

A

o Exec
o Legislative
o Judiciary
o Examination
o Control

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3
Q

Self-determination successes during the ND

A
  • 10/23 Eur concessions renounced → Ch has control of customs + tariffs
  • Ch diplomats part of high-level talks at LoN
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4
Q

How did Jiang enforce political unity?

A

o Generalissimo - fascism = ‘stimulant for declining society’
o Auth over Fam, Huangpu, Pol Study + CC cliques
o WJ opp govt + factions’ attempts to lim JJ’s auth = fail
o ‘reformation’ of comm + LW symp

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5
Q

How many communists and LW sympathisers did the GMD claim to reform?

A

24,000 comm + 155,000 LW symp arrested + ‘reformed’ 1927-37

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6
Q

How much of China did the GMD control?

A
  • 1937 only 8 provinces
  • Hunan still under warlord rule but allied w GMD
  • max control 2/3 pop + 1/3 terr
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7
Q

When were the Blue Shirts established?

A

1932

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8
Q

How many Blue Shirt members were there?

A

14,000 by 1935

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9
Q

How many people did the CCP claim the GMD killed during the ND?

A

300,000

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10
Q

Evidence of the Control Yuan’s ineffectiveness at addressing corruption

A

1931-32 69.5K reports of infringements/poor efforts (corruption) by GMD off → only 268 found at fault + 13 off. sacked

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11
Q

Evidence for issues collecting tax bc corruption + bureaucracy during the ND

A

o Slow transfer of taxes from prov to nat govts
o Prov have ‘special taxes’ e.g. Guansu 44 diff taxes
o Collecting tax yrs in advance e.g. Sichuan prov 1971 tax collected in 1933
o Taxes 11x higher in some prov → extra pocketed by officials

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12
Q

How much the GMD governments expenditure went to the military during the ND?

A

80%
(= impact of fighting CCP)
(→ print more $ → hyperinflation)

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13
Q

Key provisions of 21D

A

• Extensive rights to econ dev on Manch + Inner Mong
• Control over mining in central Ch
• Control of Liaodong Pen near K
• Right to appoint J officials to Ch govt

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14
Q

How many provinces were in open rebellion within 1month of GMD-backed Jiangxi province declaring independence in July 1913 (2nd Rev)

A

6

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15
Q

How many GMD cabinet members did Yuan Shikai pressure to resign?

A

4

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16
Q

How big was the loan that Yuan Shikai got from foreign banks in April 1913?

A

$100mil

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17
Q

What were the key changes made in Yuan Shikai’s May 1914 version of the constitution

A
  • extends pres term 5 → 10yrs
  • inc dictatorial power over mil, dip + $
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18
Q

When was the NE announced

A

1 July 1926 - 5 days before JJ elected chairman of GMD

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19
Q

When did the NE start?

A

27 July 1926

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20
Q

How many troops and officers did the NRA have when the NE started vs warlord troops

A

85,000 troops + 6,000 HMA officers
vs 750,000 warlord forces

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21
Q

How long was the general strike in Shanghai during the M4M?

A

1week

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22
Q

What did JJ offer in return for the GG dealing with Shanghai’s ‘communist problem’?

A

legal amnesty
exclusive selling rights for opium in S

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23
Q

How big was the GG’s militia for the Shanghai Massacre?

A

2,000 men militia

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24
Q

How many workers/unionists were killed in the Shanghai Massacre?

A

5,000-10,000

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25
Q

Key features of Maoist land reform in Jiangxi

A

• Kill most exploitative landlords = universally unpop
• Redist land to all peasants incl rich peasants
• Abolish exploitative rents
• Intro 15-20% grain tax = acceptable to peasantry + sufficient to support RA

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26
Q

Key features of Maoist social/econ reforms in Jiangxi

A

• gave women equal right to marriage/divorce
• Est RA → help farm
• Est red postal service
• Est ‘People’s Bank’ w/ own currency

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27
Q

Outcomes of 1st All-Ch Congress of Sov

A

Ruijin (7 Nov 1931)

  1. CCP officially adopt M’s policies albeit w resistance
  2. Ch Sov Republic proclaimed – est govt structure, constitution + endorsed laws/policies
  3. M elected Chairman of exec comm (but 28B still officials leaders of CCP)
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28
Q

How many people were executed in October 1930, marking the beginning of the Futian purges?

A

1000 exec from 20th Corps of RA b/c rumours of plot to overthrow M

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29
Q

How many RA leaders did Mao round-up in June 1931?

A

200 → kills them all

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30
Q

When did the CCP move their capital from Shanghai to Ruijin?

A

Jan 1933

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31
Q

Details of early encirclement campaigns (starting Dec 1930)

A

Initially guerrilla warfare → 30K RA hold off against 100K NRA troops → escalated to 200K then 300K in 2nd + 3rd Campaigns → 28B adopt positional warfare tactic

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32
Q

Who advised GMD tactics for the 5th Encirclement Campaign?

A

von Seekt

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33
Q

GMD new tactics for 5th Encirclement Campaign

A

• X search + destroy
• set up ‘blockhouses’ linked by roads + barbed wire → ‘concrete and steel noose’
• 1mil troops
• 200 reconnaissance aircraft
• scorched earth policy → famine

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34
Q

How many CCP losses occured at Battle of Guangchang (11-16 Apr 1934)

A

4,000

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35
Q

How many counties in JS had fallen to the GMD by Sep 1934?

A

60/70

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36
Q

Who decided to start the LM?

A

28B + Braun (M excluded)

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37
Q

How large was the LM group when it started?

A

100,000 total - 80,000 troops + 20,000 CCP support staff

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38
Q

How many CCP were left in JS?

A

28,000

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39
Q

How many CCP were left by the end of Battle of Xiang River (25 Nov – 3 Dec 1934)

A

30,000 b/c death + desertions

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40
Q

How fast was the LM moving in the early months?

A

27km/day b/c carrying pp, x-ray machines + entire library

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41
Q

What strategy did Mao criticise when the LM arrived in Tongdao (12 Dec 1934)

A

Braun’s ‘Head On Straight On’

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42
Q

What happened at the Zunyi Conference (15-17 Jan 1935)

A

• M critic 28B + Braun for handling of 5EC + LM
• M backed by x2 Politburo + eventually Z

→ M given role as chief advisor to Z + promo to Politburo Standing Comm
→ 28B X longer in charge of LM – M, Z + Wang now ‘Central Triad of Leadership’ (Braun) of LM

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43
Q

What happened at the Battle of Luding Bridge (May 1935)?

A

22-men vanguard unit defeat Nat who occupied town/bridge → allow safe passage for main body of RA

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44
Q

Details of Great Snowy Mt

A

• Dressed in cotton clothes + sandals
• Troops died from slipped down cliffs + exposure
• Only 10,000 survivors reached Sichuan

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45
Q

Who was Zhang Guotao + why did he disagree with Mao?

A

founding member of CCP + head of 4th Front Army = 40K troops

pol div b/c M wants to go NE to sml sov of Shaanxi but Zhang want to go to W Sichuan
→ 2 wks rest → split sep ways = big risk for M’s reputation

46
Q

Details of High Grasslands

A

• One big swamp → swallow men + horses whole
• Ate weeds, boiled belts + solid remains of faeces
• Rampant dysentery + diarrhea

47
Q

How far did the LM travel?

A

12,000km in 1 yr

48
Q

How many provinces, mountain ranges, rivers + deserts did the LM cross?

A

11 prov
18 mt ranges
24 rivers + deserts

49
Q

How many pitched battles did the LM fight?

A

15

50
Q

How many of the LM group survived to the end?

A

7,000-8,000

51
Q

How many towns did the LM occupy?

A

60+

52
Q

Details of Battle of Loushan Pass

A

RA defeated x2 GMD div + took 3,000 POWs

53
Q

Negative elements of RA

A
  • Poor men often recruited by force (often pov caused by RA)
  • Stole land from landlords/merchants  redist to peasants or kept for supplies
  • Pillaged towns w suspected Nat influence
54
Q

Mao’s reforms to the RA during the LM

A

• Change name to 1st Front Army (like RA in Jiangxi)
• Pol commissars inc efforts → boost morale
• Mvmts expl to troops
• Catchy slogans → boost morale e.g. ‘March Nth to Defeat the J = portrays fleeing as patriotic defense against J
• Braun’s positional warfare strategy abandoned → guerrilla tactics reintro
• Large meetings in villages/towns  expl purpose of RA
• Rules repeated = enforce good conduct  build rel w peasants

55
Q

Organisational impact of the LM

A

• M = prominant leader w/in CCP
• Peasant focused rev, M-style army = main party line
• Dec 1935 est new sov base in Yan’an
• Every PRC leader 1949-mid 1990s = vets of LM

56
Q

When did Japan assume control of Manchuria?

A

1931

57
Q

When did Japan declare Manchuria independent from China?

A

18 Feb 1932
est puppet state ‘Manchuko’

58
Q

How many more provinces fell to Japan from 1933-35?

A

7

59
Q

What was the official beginning of the Sino-Japanese War?

A

7/7/1937 clash at Marco Polo bridge (16km from B)

60
Q

What proportion of Jiang’s best troops were lost when a 2nd front opened up outside Shanghai on 13 Aug 1937?

A

60%

61
Q

What the GMD call the Sino-Japanese War?

A

15 Aug 1937 Nat declare “War of Self-Defense” bc strategy = long war of attrition

62
Q

When did Shanghai fall to Japan?

A

Nov 1937

63
Q

When did Nanjing fall to Japan?

A

Dec 1937

64
Q

Details of Rape of Nanjing (Dec 1937 - Jan 1938)

A

200,000-300,000 killed
10,000 raped

65
Q

What was the result of the GMD’s lack of preparation for major retreat?

A

100,000s refs block rd + rail network + wounded left w/out care

66
Q

Consequences of the GMD blowing up the dykes of the Yellow River without warning on 7 June 1938

A

500K drowned
3-5mil ppl displaced
4,000 villages + 11 cities flooded
crops in 3 prov = ruined
→ contributed to Henan famine (1942-43)

67
Q

Details of Ichigo Offensive

A

Apr 1944
poorly co-ord defence against J by Nat
→ J capture multi key cities + newly built US-funded airfields

68
Q

Where did the GMD move their capital to?
when

A

20 Nov 1938
Chonqing = capital of ‘Free China’

69
Q

Economic impact of war on the GMD

A

Smuggling = main source of resources into Chonqing → dec in Nat income tax + custom tariff revenue 67% → 6.3%

70
Q

Hyperinflation

A

o Prices rise 50% in 1 mo
o Prices rose avg 237% 1942-44

71
Q

Evidence of GMD corruption during war

A

• 30% aid ended up on black market
• Members of govt got rich off of speculation + insider trading
- officials X report casualties/desertions + pocket $ for those soldiers instead

72
Q

How many people died in the Henan famine (1942-43)?

A

2-3mil

73
Q

Causes of Henan famine (1942-43)

A
  1. Forced grain req
  2. corrupt officials steal little support govt did offer
  3. Flooding of Yellow River (7 June 1938)
  4. Severe drought spring 1942
74
Q

How many Japanese troops were stuck stationed in China due to a stalemate from 1939?

A

1mil

75
Q

Maltreatment of conscripted soldiers by GMD

A

o Beating by off = common
o Prov w inadequate supplies
o Roped together naked → X escape

76
Q

JJ’s personal failings during war

A

• Misused Lend Lease by stockpiling resources for future anti-Comm campaigns
• Stalemate/’trading space for time’ strategy → Nat war effort by 1938 = “practically zero” + govt X able to “get the idea of offensive into their heads” (Stilwell)
• Pay delivered to off in lump sums → off pocket salaries of dead/deserted troops
• Attempted to deal w corruption w/in mil by issuing orders w poor intel → confusion

77
Q

Consequences of ‘saving the nation by the winding path’ strategy

A
  1. bad for NRA morale b/c only option = stay and die or retreat
  2. damage rep of JJ b/c looks weak + leaving citizens defenceless against brutal J invaders
78
Q

Overall consequences of Sino-Japanese War

A

• 3 mil Ch soldiers killed
• 18mil civ killed
• 95mil ref
• Mass destruction of towns + cities

79
Q

GMD army vs CCP by end of Sino-Japanese War

A

x3 bigger than CCP + equipped w US weaponry + support

80
Q

Evidence of GMD weaknesses by end of Sino-Japanese War

A

lacked governance/org skills – CCP control more terr + GMD req US help to airlift forces back to central Ch + US marines secured ports while waiting for GMD to arrive

81
Q

Key features of CCP land reform in Yenan

A

• 1935-37 surplus land taken from merchants/landlords → redist to poor
• 1937 (bc 2UF) land only taken if abandoned BUT
• Interest on loans/mortgages 18% → 1.5%
• Rent capped @ 25% harvest
• Land reform carried out by poor peasant associations
• Tax benefits for landlords investing in local ind/sons in RA

82
Q

Key features of CCP social change in Yenan

A

• Womens’ associations
→ support for women exp abuse or too poor to feed kids
→ edu midwives abt sterile equip to dec infant mortality
→ extra food rations for preg women + nursing mums
• Literacy 1% 1936 → 50% 1943
• Nights schools
• Letters on RA packs + end of furrows
• Est Uni of Anti-J Resistance

83
Q

How many people died in the 1935-36 famine?

A

30mil

84
Q

What proportion of their own food needs did the RA produce in Yenan?

A

40%

85
Q

Why was Yenan self-sufficient?

A

• Off duty RA soldiers help peasants + peasants land set aside for RA soldiers while away → symb rel
Prod own matches, soap etc
• Women’s spinning co-op prod maj of comm’s clothing needs
• CCP est co-ops for peasants to sell prod
• BUT main source of income (40%) = opium farming (secret) → sold to J-occupied regions in Nth

86
Q

Principle of ‘three thirds’

A

1/3 CCP, 1/3 other LW, 1/3 anyone but J-collab, landlords, ‘local-bullies’ or RW GMD

87
Q

Which prominent rivals did Mao’s Rectification Campaign effectively purge?

A

Wang Ming + Ding Ling

88
Q

Maoist virtues

A
  • Cadres = humble → work amongst ppl
  • Prioritise ppl>materialism
  • Everyone should embrace LM spirit = struggle, sacrifice, perseverance, diligence + ingenuity → intrinsic to rev success
  • disdain for dogmatic ideologists = ‘booklearning’ ≠ ‘cont rev’
89
Q

Mao’s key allies in Yenan

A
  • Chen Boda = Head of CCP Prop Bureau → write speeches + CCP history → glorify M’s role → build cult of personality
  • Kang Sheng = Dir of CCP Soc Affairs Dept = secret police → arrest + execute ppl who resist ideological ‘reform’
90
Q

Message of 1940 ‘On New Democracy’

A

embrace all soc class to form united front vs J = fusion of nat + comm

91
Q

CCP membership growth

A

1936 40K → 1940 800K → 1945 1mil+

92
Q

RA growth

A

1936 92K → 1945 860K

93
Q

Yenan soviet population

A

50mil ppl 1940

94
Q

How long did the 1933 Fujian uprising take the GMD to supress?

A

1yr

95
Q

Consequence of 1935 agreement b/w JJ + Japan

A

allowed J to take 6 more prov

96
Q

9 Dec 1935 Movement

A

1000s students Nanjing + S protest GMD response to J invasion

97
Q

When did JJ order Zhang Xueling to start the 6EC?

A

1935

98
Q

When did Zhang make a truce with the CCP?

A

Jan 1936

99
Q

When did Zhang and Zhou Enlai try to convince JJ to agree to 2UF?

A

Apr 1936

100
Q

Impact of USSR’s 7th Comintern Congress (Aug 1936) on Xian Incident/2UF

A

USSR urge comm parties to co-op w LW to stop Fascism → M makes overtures to Zhang

101
Q

New Fourth Army Incident

A

Late 1940 Nat ambush New Fourth Army at Yangzi River → massacre, imprison off + rape women
= end of 2UF

102
Q

Key provision of 2UF

A
  1. Y = autonomous region → M able to cont dev ‘Y Way’ + Rect Camp
  2. RA absorbed into NRA
  3. GMD in control of mil strategy → CCP X blamed for GMD’s tactical failures later
103
Q

Consequences of the end of WWII

A

race for terr + arms in Manch following J retreat → CCP + USSR alongside e/o

104
Q

How did the CCP overcome the GMD’s superior military power?

A

JJ use US forces to airlift NRA into Manch cities → CCP retreat to countryside to build support of Manch peasantry + encircle cities → “sit them to death”
- Mar 1947 NRA take Yanan but CCP = focused + mobile + M X sentimental → retreat in orderly manner + prioritise keeping troops
- M use himself as bait to lure NRA to ambush

105
Q

How many NRA surrendered in one city in 1948?

A

327,000

106
Q

May 30 Atrocious Incident

A

30 May 1925 11 workers killed by Brit guards in Shanghai → protests in Guangzhou for ‘May 30 Martyrs’ – 52 protesters killed

107
Q

How did Yuan Shikai ‘hold the country together’ (Ryan)?

A
  • appt loyal supporters as prov leaders
  • inc crop yield by intro irrigation tech + encouraging breeding hardier livestock
  • reformed legal system
  • suppressed opium farming

BUT also used martial law, secret police + terror to enforce autocratic rule (21,000 execs in Henan in yr following 2nd Rev)

108
Q

How widespread was the May Fourth Movement?

A
  • spread to 20 prov/100+ towns + cities
  • 100,000 workers in S stage 1 wk general strike in support of arrested students
109
Q

How many campaigns against rebellions did the GMD launch during the ND?

A

23

110
Q

What did the RA tell peasants as they marched north on the LM?

A

“March north to fight the Japanese”

111
Q

Why was the term ‘free china’ ironic?

A
  • Secret police target subversive voices – esp students + intell
    • Inc restrictions of freedom of press + speech
112
Q

grain tax in GMD controlled areas during war

A

70-90%

History Revs (14 decks)

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