U3AOS1 STATS Flashcards
1
Q
How many protesters were at the Bloody Sunday procession?
A
150,000
2
Q
How many casualties resulted from Bloody Sunday?
A
200 killed
800 wounded
3
Q
How many workers were members of Gapon’s Assembly of Factory Workers?
A
6,000 by end 1904
4
Q
How many workers were on strike by Jan 1905 before Bloody Sunday?
A
120,000
5
Q
How much did the occurrence and size of strikes increase as a result of the 1900-06 recession?
A
strikes req mil intervention = 19 in 1883 → 522 1902
often 15,000-20,000 workers involved
6
Q
Arrears in land redemption payments
A
118mil rubles by end of TN2’s 10th yr
7
Q
Key features of workers’ daily living + workings condition pre-revolution
A
- 11.5hr work days
- lowest paid in Eur
- barrack style housing next to factories + mines bc rapid urbanisation
8
Q
What was the impact of urbanisation on the population size of Petrograd?
A
inc 76% 1897-1914
9
Q
What did the Octoberists want?
A
- Russification
- restore integrity + dignity of R monarchy after RJW
“liberals were patriots who objected to the war not b/c it was unjust, but b/c the govt was uncommitted to winning it” (McMeekin)
10
Q
What did the Kadets want?
A
- constit mon lim by elected reps
- univ + free edu
- full + eq civ rights incl X censorship
- recog TUs + right to strike
- abolish redemption $
11
Q
Details of 1st Duma
A
- 27 Apr - July 1906 (73 days)
- composition = 38% non-affiliated peasants, 27% K, 20% trudoviks
- dismissed bc Kadets first act in D = “Address the Throne” → call for further reforms + working rights
- 2 successful laws = ban cap punishment, famine relief
12
Q
Details of 2nd Duma
A
- Feb - June 1907 (103 days)
- composition = 20% trudoviks, 19% K, 13% SDs, 7% SRs
- dismissed bc accusations of SDs plotting to overthrow T
- no progress - D reject Stolypin’s proposed land reforms + mil admin
13
Q
Details of 3rd Duma
A
- Nov 1907 - June 1912
- composition = 33% Oct, 11% K, 4% SDs
- dismissed bc 5yr term ran out
- 2571 bills → maj = superficial BUT 2 impactful = National Insurance Bill + edu for poor children
14
Q
Details of the Fourth Duma
A
- Nov 1912 - Aug 1914
- composition = 27% nat min parties, 22% Oct, 13% K, 3% SDs
- dismissed themselves to show support for strong leadership of TN2 bc WWI
- most conservative Duma BUT rel = deteriorating bc inc tensions/crisis/unrest in R
15
Q
Who could vote in the elections for the 1st and 2nd Dumas?
A
- only men w >200ha land → vote dir
- peasants → indir vote (elect so to vote on their behalf)
- > 60% WC = excluded
- soldiers + women = excluded
16
Q
How did Stolypin reform the electoral system (negatively)?
A
intro from D3 - X voting in districts where pop = X reached ‘sufficient levels if civic dev’
17
Q
What proportion of men could vote for D3 and D4?
A
1/6
18
Q
Why was D3 not representative of the Russian population?
A
1% of pop voted for nearly 3/4 of Duma seats
19
Q
How many bills did D3 pass?
A
2571
20
Q
When did Stolypin declare martial law?
A
Aug 1906
21
Q
Details of ‘Stolypin’s necktie’
A
3376 ppl exec 1906-13
(2193 1906-08 alone)
22
Q
Provisions of Agrarian Reform Act (1906)
A
- peasants can leave mir
- allow peasants to purchase on credit
- abolished land redemption $
23
Q
How many peasants had left their mir to farm independently by 1913?
A
2mil
24
Q
What did Stolypin mean by ‘wager on the strong’
A
Give resources/freedom to peasants to inc personal $ thru ind farming → create kulak class (15% pop) to control ‘dark masses’ (source - Alexandra)
25
What social reforms did Stolypin introduce?
- insured peasants for old age + illness
- intro proportional tax system
- compulsory primary edu
26
What was the impact of Stolypin's social reforms?
1906-13 # primary schools x2
council spending on health/welfare x2
27
What industrial reforms did Stolypin introduce?
- X nighttime/underground work for women + kids
- dec max # work hrs
28
How long did Stolypin think his reforms would need to make progress?
20yrs (assassinated Sep 1911 by SR)
29
Economic weaknesses in tsarist Russia
- 45% govt budget went to mil vs 4% to edu
- redemption $ → 118mil rubles arrears by end TN2's 10th yr
- coal ind = 5% of Brit
- dep on imports for 1/4 coal
30
What proportion of farmland was unused in tsarist Russia?
1/4
31
How big were the peasants' land plots
10 acres = inefficient
32
How did land redemption payments impact harvest yield?
1/2 yield in prev most abundant areas
33
Witte's reforms
focus on heavy ind
→ x3 railways 1881-1913 BUT TS Rail X finished by start WWI
34
How many different ethnic groups did Russification target?
170
35
How many Jews did Russification target?
5mil
36
How many levels of bureaucracy were there in the tsarist government?
14
37
What was the name of the first revolutionary group and when was it formed?
'Bund'
1897
Formed by Jews alienated from regime by Russification
38
How big were the nobility and how much land did they own?
1% pop but 25% land
39
When were the peasants emancipated?
1865
40
How much did Moscow and St Petersburg's population grow in the 1890s?
M x2 1881-1914
P x2 1887-1914
41
Reasons for RJW
1. inc urbanisation + demands for X → easy victory to inc support for T
2. R want to expand into Manch/NK to secure access to Pt Arthur = warm-water port after Ch's 25yr lease of Liadong Pen
42
Civil rights demands of Gapon's petition
- Freedom of speech/press
- Univ + compulsory + free edu
- Full legal eq
- Sep of Ch + st
43
Poverty + living conditions demands of Gapon's petition
- Abolish land redemption $
- End RJW ($ burden bc mil = 45% budget)
44
Working condition demands of Gapon's petition
- Est workers’ comm to lead jointly w/ cap mgmt.
- Freedom to est TUs + strike
- 8hr work day
- Wage reg
45
Political demands of Gapon's petition
Allow workers’ rep → influ govt policy
46
October Manifesto provision
1. Civil liberties (speech/press/assembly)
2. Univ male suffrage
3. Est Dumas = pop elected + could approve/veto all legislation pres by TN2
47
Key Fundamental Laws
#1 “The All-Russian Emperor possesses supreme autocratic power”
#9 “The Sovereign Emperor ratifies all laws”
#13 “The Sovereign Emperor declares war, concludes peace and negotiates treaties with foreign states”
#15 “The Sovereign Emperor appoints and dismisses the Chairman, the Council of Ministers and individuals ministers”
#87 Tsar can dissolve Duma + rule by exec decree in “exceptional circumstances” that are decided by T
48
Lena Goldfield Massacre casualties
500 shot + 250 killed
49
Strikes during Fourth Duma
1912-14 3mil workers strike in 9000 strikes
50
What proportion of the State Council (upper house of Duma) could the tsar appoint?
1/2
(TN2 expanded SC's power in FL)
51
Impact of outbreak of WWI on strikes
June-July 1914 = 3493 vs Aug-Dec 1914 = 41
52
What proportion of conscripts reported willingly to the army in early WWI?
95%
53
What was the cause of the 'Great Retreat'?
1915 1mil R soldiers killed in Galicia/Pol/Latvia/Lith
54
How many casualties did the Russian army have by mid-1915?
4mil
55
Details of 'ministerial leapfrog'
- 4 PMs + Mins of Edu + Justice
- 3 Mins for Transp/FA/War
56
Reason for ministerial leapfrog
bribery → accepted any candidate pres by Rasp
57
Details of new ministers of the interior
o Stürmer (Jan-Sep 1916) = obsessed w/Ger
o Poptopopov (Sep 1916 – Feb 1917) = X pol exp + talked to Rasp’s ghost
58
Economic impacts of WWI
- 1916 P + M only recieving 1/3 food + fuel needed
- 1/3 bakeries + 2/3 butchers in P close
- 1914 TN2 ban vodka → st tax rev dec 28% → print more $ → inflation - wages inc 50% but food prices x4
- 1917 buying power = 30% of 1913
59
Social impacts of WWI
- conscription = maj peasants b/c viewed as inexhaust resource → 4mil casualties by mid-1915 hit peasant comms extra hard
- inc disp $ for rich ppl b/c just transfer $ → foreign banks/assets to avoid inflation
- peasants rebel vs grain quotas by eating more + sowing less → exacerbate food crisis
60
Political impacts of WWI
TN2 rejects support from:
- UoZ + UoT offer transp assist + support to care for wounded (critic Rod for supporting)
- 25 July 1915 War Ind Comm appeal to govt for inc govt invest → inc prod
- Aug 1915 Prog Bloc appeal to reform admin/pol leadership → avert rev
61
Who were the War Ind Comm
prog M industrialists
62
What was the Progressive Bloc?
alliance b/w K + Oct
262/422 D deps
63
How did the Tsar react to the Progressive Bloc?
rejected proposal
dismissed supporters
dissolved D4 3 Sep 1915
64
How many protesters gathered in Petrograd to commorate Bloody Sunday on 9 Jan 1917?
150,000
65
How many Putilov steel workers striked on 18 Feb 1917 + why?
40,000
wages + working cond
66
How many women marched on 23 Feb 1917 + why?
1000s (joined by 90,000 men)
demand bread + end to aut rule
67
How many people in Petrograd protested on 24 Feb 1917 + why?
200,000+
demand end WWI + end aut rule
68
Who joined protesters on 25 Feb 1917?
teachers + office workers
69
How many protesters were there in Petrograd by 26 Feb 1917 + what happened?
• 300,000 protesters
→T troops fire on crowd → 200 casualties
→ mutinies begin
→ Rod warns TN2 situation = serious BUT TN2 dismisses D4
70
How many protesters were there by 27 Feb 1917 + tsar's reaction?
400K workers + 70K soldiers protesting but TN2 thinks all is nonsense
71
What happened on 28 Feb 1917?
T police + govt surrender
→ monarchy collapses
→ power in hands of W + S
→ elections for P Sov
→ TN2 blocked from returning to P
72
Key provisions of April Theses
- Bol need to assert themselves + use agitation + prop to spread ideals
- Denounces ‘cap nat’ of PG + its commitment to ‘predatory imperialist war’
- Slogan = ‘PBL!”, “All Power to the Sovs!” + “Turn to Imp War into a CW!”
73
How many protesters were there against Miliuvok's note?
25,000 across P (20 Apr 1917)
74
What did the protesters of Miliukov's note chant?
“Down w/ the Imperialist War!”
75
How many days did the Petrograd Soviet ban demonstrations for after the April Crisis?
3
76
How many socialists did the 1CG include in May 1917?
6
77
Immediate reforms by the PG
- Mutinous soldiers pardoned
- Recog TUs
- 8hr work day
- Okhrana + cap punishment = abolished
- T police replaced w/ ppl’s militia
- Intro freedom speech/assembly/press
- Announce univ suffrage for CA elections
78
How far did the Russian army advance in the opening weeks of the June Offensive?
30km
79
How many Russian army troops were killed in the opening weeks of the June Offensive?
40,000
80
How many Kronstadt sailors arrived at the Bolsheviks' HQ on 4 July 1917?
2500
81
How many people protested outside Tauride Palace on 4 July 1917?
50,000
82
Who was Kornilov and what was his motivation?
Former T officer - wants to restore R's imperial glory
