U3AOS2 STATS Flashcards
What was the bread ration in Petrograd by 1918?
50g/per day
How much of Russia’s grain was Ukraine responsible for producing?
35%
What did the Decree on Food Supply do?
outlawed private trade of grain and intro GR
13 May 1918
How many people died in the 1920 Famine?
5mil from disease and starvation
What did peasants do to GR agents?
Killed 15,000 of them 1918-20
How many major peasant rebellions broke out in 1921?
50
Key features of the Tambov Rebellion?
- 50,000 ppl in guerilla army
- 1920-21
- took 12mo for RA to suppress
What proportion of Russian factories experienced worker strikes in 1920?
3/4
What happened in Petrograd in Feb 1921?
General strike
What did the NEP do for peasants?
- legalised private trade
- only pay a 10% tax + ‘in kind’
- areas hard hit by famine no tax for 2 (?) yrs
How many RA conscripts were demobilised at the end of the Civil War?
4.4mil
What happened to urban populations as a result of the 1920 Famine?
P pop dec 70%
M pop dec 50%
Economic outcomes of War Communism
Buying power 1920 = 2% of 1914
Industrial output = 13% of pre-war levels
Steel output = 4% of pre-war levels
Iron ore = 1.5% of pre-war levels
Copper prof = ceased entirely
(change - worsening econ situation)
How did the Bolsheviks punish those involved in the Kronstadt Rebellion?
2300 Kr executed later by Cheka/6459 sent to gulags
How many German troops were involved in their Jan 1918 offensive?
700,000
Outcomes of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
- Lose 32% farmland incl Ukr = “breadbasket of R”
- Lose 1/3 Eur terr
- Lose 89% iron ore/coal reserves
- Lose 54% industrial enterprises
- Lose 26% railways
- 3bn roubles reparations (war cost 1.5bn)
Why and when did the Bolsheviks reintroduce conscription?
29 May 1918 bc only 360,000 volunteer
Key features of the RA during the Civil War
- Harsh discipline: cap punishment for retreat/desertion/abandoning equip/inciting others
- Reintro conventional army X ppl’s militia – ranks + units
- Former T officials in charge = “mil experts” – holds fams hostage
- Reintro conscription 29 May 1918 bc only 360K volunteer
- Delegated specialised tasks to “mil experts”
→ army of 5 mil men by end 1920
How many soldiers deserted the RA by the end of 1921?
4mil??
Details of ‘nationalisation from below’
- in M/P for every 1 factory nat by govt, 4 seized by workers
- Workers = lack management skills → unsus pay rises + take equip + stocks
How many deserters were arrested by the Cheka during 1918 and 1919?
1918 - 500,000
1919 - 800,000
How did the Bolsheviks punish those involved in the Tambov Rebellion?
1920-21 100,000 peasants + fams sent to gulags → 15,000 killed
(Gulags = high mortality + “repeated massacres”)
What happened at Astrakhan?
12-14 Mar 1918
Astrakhan strikers + RA soldiers → 2,000-4,000 killed
also 600-1,000 bourg killed
What happened at the Putilov steelworks?
strike → 900 arrested + 200 killed by Cheka
How many bourgeoisie did Zinoviev order the execution of after the issuing of the Decree on the Red Terror (5 Sep 1918)?
500 → 1000s more over next months
Why was the food situation bad when the Bolsheviks took power?
- peasants were hoarding grain in response to T’s grain quotas
- military was being prioritised for rail access
Why were the Bolsheviks able to suppress the Tambov Rebellion?
Tambov Rebellion/Gr armies defeated by mid-1921 bc RA able to redivert forces occupied in Poland
Red Army size end 1920
5 mil
How large was the population of Red Army controlled areas?
70mil
How many desertions from the Red Army by 1921?
4mil
How many troops in White Army?
Oct 1920
37,000
How large was the population of White Army controlled areas?
8-10mil
Who fought in the White Army?
Former tsarist/PG officers, K pol, bourg, patriots appalled by TBL, Cossacks
H/e Cossack support X harnessed until too late bc initially opp to Cossack ind movements
Who attacked Moscow 5months apart?
Denikin + Kulchak
White Army slogan
“Russia shall be great, united and undivided”
What was the result of corruption/political infighting in the White Army?
“Generals Revolution”
Where did Britain control during the Civil War?
Port in Arcangel
Oilfields in Azerbaijan
What percent of food in cities were sourced illegally as a result of banning private trade?
60%
How big was the Tambov Rebellion?
20,000-40,000 rebel peasants
Spread to neighbouring regions
What tactics did the Red Army use against the greena armies?
Poison gas to flush rebels out of forests
Threatened/punished family members
Impacts of grain requisitioning
disrupt practice of saving 2 yrs grain reserves
grain harvest prod 1917-21 86%
Role of natural disasters in casuing the 1920 famine
Samara region rainfall May 1920 3mm instead of 38mm
→ 20% food-prod areas = total crop failure
How many people were affected by the famine?
20mil
How much did Moscow + Petrograd’s populations decrease due to food scarcity in the 1920 famine?
M pop dec 50%
P pop dec 70%
How many lives did the Brit Save the Children Fund + US ARA save during the 1920 Famine?
14mil lives
How many Russian were the US ARA feeding during the 1920 Famine?
10mil/day summer 1922
Why was the Kronstadt Revolt a military threat?
- 23km off coast of P
- superior navy
Why was the Kronstadt Revolt a moral threat?
- newspapers highlight ways Bol X achieve Gapon’s 1905 demands + ‘worse than Nic’
- “reddest of the red” (Trotsky) → dec credibility of claim to defend rev b/c going against key participants in Oct Rev
Farming provisions of NEP
- GR replaced w tax ‘in kind;
- no tax first 2 yrs for famine-affected areas
- allowed to keep + sell surplus
Cash provisions of NEP
- cash wages reintro
- phase out st supplied services/rationing
- new gold standard currency intro
Trade provisions of NEP
- markets/priv trade legalised
- small factories leased/sold to priv owners
- econ ties w foreign st resume → trade agreement w Brit 1922
Working conditions provisions of NEP
- labour armies = abandoned
- cont strict st control over key sectors of econ = “commanding heights of the econ:
Effectiveness of NEP
- Agriculture, light industry, manufacturing, electricty = returned to/exceeded pre-war levels by 1926
- Livestock = more than pre-war
- Improved farming methods incl crop rotation
- Delt w Scissor Crisis (1923-24) effectively
Lack of effectiveness of NEP
1922 dec 500K workers in heavy ind
iron-ore mined = 1/2 of pre war
steel prod 1926 = still only 3/4 of 1913
Emergence of the ‘NEPmen’ = speculators on stock market
What were the different views within Sovnarkom about the NEP?
Lenin = pragmatic → Willing to compromise comm ideals + take up to 10 yrs
Zinoviev = prag + ideal → building R’s strength to start worldwide soc rev
Left of party = ideal → NEP is betrayal of Bol ideals
Why was the left of the party opposed to the NEP?
- Concessions to peasantry = betrayal of the workers (“New Exploitation of the Proletariat”)
- Spoiling victories of CW
- Concerned it would destroy party from w/in - “malignant cancer” (Service)
How many peasants did Lenin order to be hanged in Penza?
100
How many members of Prolekult were there at its peak?
800,000
What was ‘people’s theatre’
Theatre = nationalised → mass productions abt heroic rev tales
How big were ‘people’s theatre’ performances?
1920 Palace Sq = 500-piece orchestra, 8,000 participants + 100,000 spectators
What did the Decree on the Elimination of Illiteracy
26 Dec 1919
→ mandatory lit training for all R age 8-50
→ est 16K reading rooms in rural areas
→ free intensive courses for adults who showed potential
→ compulsory schooling age 8-11 yo
How many children attended school regularly?
80% in 1926 vs 49% in 1915
Literacy rates
51% in 1926 vs 23% in 1900
Gender disparity in literacy rates
women = 37% vs men = 66%
Decree on Peace
26 Oct 1917
o “peace w/out indemnities”
o response to ongoing issue of WWI - already cost 1.5bn rubles
Decree on Land
27 Oct 1917
o legally sanctioned land seizure + redistribution of land
o response to lack of Bol support in rural areas
Decree on Press
27 Oct 1917
o banned Kadet newspapers + destroyed printing presses
o response to cont K support in cities
Decree on the Eight-Hour Work Day
29 Oct 1917
o guaranteed 8hr work day
o response to longstanding workers’ demands since Gapon’s petition in 1905
Decree on Independence and National Self-Determination
2 Nov 1917
o Response to cont resistance in Cossack regions → allow autonomy for Bol support regions to dec internal division
Decree on Worker’s Control
14 Nov 1917
o established workers committees - advised + approved actions of “bourgeois experts”
o response to longstanding workers’ demands since Gapon’s petition in 1905
Decree on the Cheka
7 Dec 1917
o est Cheka - initially quite benign w power to confiscate ration cards, publish lists pub enemies + interrogate ppl - power expanded Jan 1917
o response to social unrest post-Oct Rev (wine riots + emergence of Alekseev’s Volunteer Army)
Decree on Marriage
31 Dec 1917
o gave women equal right to marriage/divorce + equal pay
o response to work of Alexandra Kollontai &co in the Oct Rev
How many votes did the Bolsheviks get vs the SRs?
9.8mil vs 17.5mil
What percentage of Russians voted?
70% (100% in some rural areas?)
Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly
6 Jan 1918
o dissolved democratically elected CA → reinstate Sovnarkom as ruling power
o response to Bol losing pop election (SRs recieve x2 votes than Bol) + CA refusing to honour new decrees
Decree on the Establishment of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army
28 Jan 1918
o reinstated traditional mil structure w/ ranks + titles
o response to the emergence of WG opp
Russian concession in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
o Lose 32% farmland incl Ukr = “breadbasket of R”
o Lose 1/3 Eur terr
o Lose 89% iron ore/coal reserves
o Lose 54% industrial enterprises
o Lose 26% railways
o 3bn roubles reparations (war cost 1.5bn)
How many Russians volunteered for the Red Army by May 1918?
360,000
Decree on Nationalisation
28 June 1918
o nationalised all factories/businesses w/ 10+ workers or 5+ workers + heavy machinery
ended workers’ committee/TUs
o response to ‘nationalisation from below’ → SC failure
Decree on the Red Terror
5 Sep 1918
o est gulags → imprison ‘class enemies’
authorised Cheka to execute anyone suspected of being involved in WG activities → later also dissident peasants + fams
o response to attempted assassination of L + successful assassination of 2 senior Sovnarkom members Aug 1918
o Gulags = high mortality + “repeated massacres”
What percentage of prostitutes in Moscow were former bourgeoisie?
42%
How much did land cultivation decrease due to grain requisitioning?
40%
Strikes in 1921
Feb 1921
118 strikes in Petrograd
How many Menscheviks were arrested in 1921?
2000
How many 10th Party Congress delegates were conscripted to fight to Kronstadt revolt to boost morale?
300
Kronstadt vs RA troop size
16,000 vs 50,000
Losses from Kronstadt Revolt
10,000 RA
5,000 Kr
How many Kronstadt rebels were executed by Cheka/sent to gulags?
2300 exec
6459 to gulags
Key concerns at 10th Party Congress
- Increasing bureaucratisation of the government.
- The role of worker’s unions.
- The Politburo’s dominance over lower levels of the party.
- Frustration that the NEP was a surrendering the peasantry at the expense of the workers.
- NEP itself
Worker’s Opposition key features
Concerned about militarisation of workplace/bureaucratisation of party → want inc prole involvement in workplace mgmt
Democratic Centralists key features
concerned abt bureaucratisaition of party + leadership stifling inner-party debate → want to reinvigorate dem centralism
How many priests/nuns/monks were killed + arrested?
7000 killed
1000s more arrested
Persimfans
1922-32
orchestra w/out conductor + started exactly on time = modelling ‘New Sov Man’
How many intelligensia were arrested?
May-Sep 1922
120 arrested + deported to Fr + Ger
How many SRs were brought to show trials?
June-Aug 1922
34
