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History Revs > U3AOS2 STATS > Flashcards

U3AOS2 STATS Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the bread ration in Petrograd by 1918?

A

50g/per day

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2
Q

How much of Russia’s grain was Ukraine responsible for producing?

A

35%

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3
Q

What did the Decree on Food Supply do?

A

outlawed private trade of grain and intro GR
13 May 1918

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4
Q

How many people died in the 1920 Famine?

A

5mil from disease and starvation

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5
Q

What did peasants do to GR agents?

A

Killed 15,000 of them 1918-20

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6
Q

How many major peasant rebellions broke out in 1921?

A

50

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7
Q

Key features of the Tambov Rebellion?

A
  • 50,000 ppl in guerilla army
  • 1920-21
  • took 12mo for RA to suppress
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8
Q

What proportion of Russian factories experienced worker strikes in 1920?

A

3/4

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9
Q

What happened in Petrograd in Feb 1921?

A

General strike

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10
Q

What did the NEP do for peasants?

A
  • legalised private trade
  • only pay a 10% tax + ‘in kind’
  • areas hard hit by famine no tax for 2 (?) yrs
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11
Q

How many RA conscripts were demobilised at the end of the Civil War?

A

4.4mil

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12
Q

What happened to urban populations as a result of the 1920 Famine?

A

P pop dec 70%
M pop dec 50%

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13
Q

Economic outcomes of War Communism

A

Buying power 1920 = 2% of 1914
Industrial output = 13% of pre-war levels
Steel output = 4% of pre-war levels
Iron ore = 1.5% of pre-war levels
Copper prof = ceased entirely

(change - worsening econ situation)

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14
Q

How did the Bolsheviks punish those involved in the Kronstadt Rebellion?

A

2300 Kr executed later by Cheka/6459 sent to gulags

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15
Q

How many German troops were involved in their Jan 1918 offensive?

A

700,000

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16
Q

Outcomes of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A
  • Lose 32% farmland incl Ukr = “breadbasket of R”
  • Lose 1/3 Eur terr
  • Lose 89% iron ore/coal reserves
  • Lose 54% industrial enterprises
  • Lose 26% railways
  • 3bn roubles reparations (war cost 1.5bn)
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17
Q

Why and when did the Bolsheviks reintroduce conscription?

A

29 May 1918 bc only 360,000 volunteer

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18
Q

Key features of the RA during the Civil War

A
  • Harsh discipline: cap punishment for retreat/desertion/abandoning equip/inciting others
  • Reintro conventional army X ppl’s militia – ranks + units
  • Former T officials in charge = “mil experts” – holds fams hostage
  • Reintro conscription 29 May 1918 bc only 360K volunteer
  • Delegated specialised tasks to “mil experts”
    → army of 5 mil men by end 1920
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19
Q

How many soldiers deserted the RA by the end of 1921?

A

4mil??

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20
Q

Details of ‘nationalisation from below’

A
  • in M/P for every 1 factory nat by govt, 4 seized by workers
  • Workers = lack management skills → unsus pay rises + take equip + stocks
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21
Q

How many deserters were arrested by the Cheka during 1918 and 1919?

A

1918 - 500,000
1919 - 800,000

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22
Q

How did the Bolsheviks punish those involved in the Tambov Rebellion?

A

1920-21 100,000 peasants + fams sent to gulags → 15,000 killed

(Gulags = high mortality + “repeated massacres”)

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23
Q

What happened at Astrakhan?

A

12-14 Mar 1918
Astrakhan strikers + RA soldiers → 2,000-4,000 killed
also 600-1,000 bourg killed

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24
Q

What happened at the Putilov steelworks?

A

strike → 900 arrested + 200 killed by Cheka

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25
Q

How many bourgeoisie did Zinoviev order the execution of after the issuing of the Decree on the Red Terror (5 Sep 1918)?

A

500 → 1000s more over next months

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26
Q

Why was the food situation bad when the Bolsheviks took power?

A
  • peasants were hoarding grain in response to T’s grain quotas
  • military was being prioritised for rail access
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27
Q

Why were the Bolsheviks able to suppress the Tambov Rebellion?

A

Tambov Rebellion/Gr armies defeated by mid-1921 bc RA able to redivert forces occupied in Poland

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28
Q

Red Army size end 1920

A

5 mil

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29
Q

How large was the population of Red Army controlled areas?

A

70mil

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30
Q

How many desertions from the Red Army by 1921?

A

4mil

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31
Q

How many troops in White Army?

A

Oct 1920
37,000

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32
Q

How large was the population of White Army controlled areas?

A

8-10mil

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33
Q

Who fought in the White Army?

A

Former tsarist/PG officers, K pol, bourg, patriots appalled by TBL, Cossacks

H/e Cossack support X harnessed until too late bc initially opp to Cossack ind movements

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34
Q

Who attacked Moscow 5months apart?

A

Denikin + Kulchak

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35
Q

White Army slogan

A

“Russia shall be great, united and undivided”

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36
Q

What was the result of corruption/political infighting in the White Army?

A

“Generals Revolution”

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37
Q

Where did Britain control during the Civil War?

A

Port in Arcangel
Oilfields in Azerbaijan

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38
Q

What percent of food in cities were sourced illegally as a result of banning private trade?

A

60%

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39
Q

How big was the Tambov Rebellion?

A

20,000-40,000 rebel peasants
Spread to neighbouring regions

40
Q

What tactics did the Red Army use against the greena armies?

A

Poison gas to flush rebels out of forests
Threatened/punished family members

41
Q

Impacts of grain requisitioning

A

disrupt practice of saving 2 yrs grain reserves
grain harvest prod 1917-21 86%

42
Q

Role of natural disasters in casuing the 1920 famine

A

Samara region rainfall May 1920 3mm instead of 38mm
→ 20% food-prod areas = total crop failure

43
Q

How many people were affected by the famine?

A

20mil

44
Q

How much did Moscow + Petrograd’s populations decrease due to food scarcity in the 1920 famine?

A

M pop dec 50%
P pop dec 70%

45
Q

How many lives did the Brit Save the Children Fund + US ARA save during the 1920 Famine?

A

14mil lives

46
Q

How many Russian were the US ARA feeding during the 1920 Famine?

A

10mil/day summer 1922

47
Q

Why was the Kronstadt Revolt a military threat?

A
  • 23km off coast of P
  • superior navy
48
Q

Why was the Kronstadt Revolt a moral threat?

A
  • newspapers highlight ways Bol X achieve Gapon’s 1905 demands + ‘worse than Nic’
  • “reddest of the red” (Trotsky) → dec credibility of claim to defend rev b/c going against key participants in Oct Rev
49
Q

Farming provisions of NEP

A
  • GR replaced w tax ‘in kind;
  • no tax first 2 yrs for famine-affected areas
  • allowed to keep + sell surplus
50
Q

Cash provisions of NEP

A
  • cash wages reintro
  • phase out st supplied services/rationing
  • new gold standard currency intro
51
Q

Trade provisions of NEP

A
  • markets/priv trade legalised
  • small factories leased/sold to priv owners
  • econ ties w foreign st resume → trade agreement w Brit 1922
52
Q

Working conditions provisions of NEP

A
  • labour armies = abandoned
  • cont strict st control over key sectors of econ = “commanding heights of the econ:
53
Q

Effectiveness of NEP

A
  • Agriculture, light industry, manufacturing, electricty = returned to/exceeded pre-war levels by 1926
  • Livestock = more than pre-war
  • Improved farming methods incl crop rotation
  • Delt w Scissor Crisis (1923-24) effectively
54
Q

Lack of effectiveness of NEP

A

1922 dec 500K workers in heavy ind
iron-ore mined = 1/2 of pre war
steel prod 1926 = still only 3/4 of 1913
Emergence of the ‘NEPmen’ = speculators on stock market

55
Q

What were the different views within Sovnarkom about the NEP?

A

Lenin = pragmatic → Willing to compromise comm ideals + take up to 10 yrs

Zinoviev = prag + ideal → building R’s strength to start worldwide soc rev

Left of party = ideal → NEP is betrayal of Bol ideals

56
Q

Why was the left of the party opposed to the NEP?

A
  • Concessions to peasantry = betrayal of the workers (“New Exploitation of the Proletariat”)
  • Spoiling victories of CW
  • Concerned it would destroy party from w/in - “malignant cancer” (Service)
57
Q

How many peasants did Lenin order to be hanged in Penza?

A

100

58
Q

How many members of Prolekult were there at its peak?

A

800,000

59
Q

What was ‘people’s theatre’

A

Theatre = nationalised → mass productions abt heroic rev tales

60
Q

How big were ‘people’s theatre’ performances?

A

1920 Palace Sq = 500-piece orchestra, 8,000 participants + 100,000 spectators

61
Q

What did the Decree on the Elimination of Illiteracy

A

26 Dec 1919
→ mandatory lit training for all R age 8-50
→ est 16K reading rooms in rural areas
→ free intensive courses for adults who showed potential
→ compulsory schooling age 8-11 yo

62
Q

How many children attended school regularly?

A

80% in 1926 vs 49% in 1915

63
Q

Literacy rates

A

51% in 1926 vs 23% in 1900

64
Q

Gender disparity in literacy rates

A

women = 37% vs men = 66%

65
Q

Decree on Peace

A

26 Oct 1917
o “peace w/out indemnities”
o response to ongoing issue of WWI - already cost 1.5bn rubles

66
Q

Decree on Land

A

27 Oct 1917
o legally sanctioned land seizure + redistribution of land
o response to lack of Bol support in rural areas

67
Q

Decree on Press

A

27 Oct 1917
o banned Kadet newspapers + destroyed printing presses
o response to cont K support in cities

68
Q

Decree on the Eight-Hour Work Day

A

29 Oct 1917
o guaranteed 8hr work day
o response to longstanding workers’ demands since Gapon’s petition in 1905

69
Q

Decree on Independence and National Self-Determination

A

2 Nov 1917
o Response to cont resistance in Cossack regions → allow autonomy for Bol support regions to dec internal division

70
Q

Decree on Worker’s Control

A

14 Nov 1917
o established workers committees - advised + approved actions of “bourgeois experts”
o response to longstanding workers’ demands since Gapon’s petition in 1905

71
Q

Decree on the Cheka

A

7 Dec 1917
o est Cheka - initially quite benign w power to confiscate ration cards, publish lists pub enemies + interrogate ppl - power expanded Jan 1917
o response to social unrest post-Oct Rev (wine riots + emergence of Alekseev’s Volunteer Army)

72
Q

Decree on Marriage

A

31 Dec 1917
o gave women equal right to marriage/divorce + equal pay
o response to work of Alexandra Kollontai &co in the Oct Rev

73
Q

How many votes did the Bolsheviks get vs the SRs?

A

9.8mil vs 17.5mil

74
Q

What percentage of Russians voted?

A

70% (100% in some rural areas?)

75
Q

Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly

A

6 Jan 1918
o dissolved democratically elected CA → reinstate Sovnarkom as ruling power
o response to Bol losing pop election (SRs recieve x2 votes than Bol) + CA refusing to honour new decrees

76
Q

Decree on the Establishment of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army

A

28 Jan 1918
o reinstated traditional mil structure w/ ranks + titles
o response to the emergence of WG opp

77
Q

Russian concession in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

o Lose 32% farmland incl Ukr = “breadbasket of R”
o Lose 1/3 Eur terr
o Lose 89% iron ore/coal reserves
o Lose 54% industrial enterprises
o Lose 26% railways
o 3bn roubles reparations (war cost 1.5bn)

78
Q

How many Russians volunteered for the Red Army by May 1918?

A

360,000

79
Q

Decree on Nationalisation

A

28 June 1918
o nationalised all factories/businesses w/ 10+ workers or 5+ workers + heavy machinery
ended workers’ committee/TUs
o response to ‘nationalisation from below’ → SC failure

80
Q

Decree on the Red Terror

A

5 Sep 1918
o est gulags → imprison ‘class enemies’
authorised Cheka to execute anyone suspected of being involved in WG activities → later also dissident peasants + fams
o response to attempted assassination of L + successful assassination of 2 senior Sovnarkom members Aug 1918
o Gulags = high mortality + “repeated massacres”

81
Q

What percentage of prostitutes in Moscow were former bourgeoisie?

A

42%

82
Q

How much did land cultivation decrease due to grain requisitioning?

A

40%

83
Q

Strikes in 1921

A

Feb 1921
118 strikes in Petrograd

84
Q

How many Menscheviks were arrested in 1921?

A

2000

85
Q

How many 10th Party Congress delegates were conscripted to fight to Kronstadt revolt to boost morale?

A

300

86
Q

Kronstadt vs RA troop size

A

16,000 vs 50,000

87
Q

Losses from Kronstadt Revolt

A

10,000 RA
5,000 Kr

88
Q

How many Kronstadt rebels were executed by Cheka/sent to gulags?

A

2300 exec
6459 to gulags

89
Q

Key concerns at 10th Party Congress

A
  • Increasing bureaucratisation of the government.
  • The role of worker’s unions.
  • The Politburo’s dominance over lower levels of the party.
  • Frustration that the NEP was a surrendering the peasantry at the expense of the workers.
  • NEP itself
90
Q

Worker’s Opposition key features

A

Concerned about militarisation of workplace/bureaucratisation of party → want inc prole involvement in workplace mgmt

91
Q

Democratic Centralists key features

A

concerned abt bureaucratisaition of party + leadership stifling inner-party debate → want to reinvigorate dem centralism

92
Q

How many priests/nuns/monks were killed + arrested?

A

7000 killed
1000s more arrested

93
Q

Persimfans

A

1922-32
orchestra w/out conductor + started exactly on time = modelling ‘New Sov Man’

94
Q

How many intelligensia were arrested?

A

May-Sep 1922
120 arrested + deported to Fr + Ger

95
Q

How many SRs were brought to show trials?

A

June-Aug 1922
34

History Revs (14 decks)

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