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HHD > U4 O1 ch 8/9/10 > Flashcards

U4 O1 ch 8/9/10 Flashcards

1
Q

UGANDA vs AUS: access to hospitals

A

UGANDA: less access to hospitals = can’t give birth in hospital = no medical intervention in the case of complications = higher maternal mortality rates

AUS: Medicare funds public health care = give birth in hospital with well trained staff and equipment - lower maternal mortality rates

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2
Q

UGANDA vs AUS: gender equality (4)

A

1) Education = sex trade = increase the incidence of HIV/AIDS

2) In arranged marriages with unequal power = domestic abuse victims = higher rates of anxiety and depression

3) Employment = healthcare = untreated conditions = mortality rates

4) pregnancy at young age = undeveloped bodies = maternal mortality

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3
Q

The World Bank classification

A

The World Bank classifies countries into high-, middle- and low-income countries based on GNI per capita - Gross National Income per capita. (average income per person in the country)

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4
Q

Characteristics of low-income countries compared to high-income countries

A
  • higher population growth rates
  • lower levels of education
  • higher rates of infectious diseases
  • less access to healthcare
  • fewer industries
  • less access to safe water
  • less sanitation systems
  • no or poor social security systems
  • poorer health systems
  • poorer housing quality
  • less established and poorer quality infrastructure
  • less gender equality
  • less trade on the global market
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5
Q

Sustainability

A

Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and planning the country’s growth without creating problems or depleting resources for future generations.

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6
Q

Economic Sustainability

A

The capacity of future generations to earn an income that will sustain a decent standard of living and the efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time.

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7
Q

Economic sustainability characteristics (4)

A
  • innovation and diversity of industries
  • job creation
  • economic growth
  • trade
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8
Q

Social Sustainability

A

Current and future generations having the same or improved access to social resources such as human rights, gender equity, political stability, education, and people will be able to participate in the decisions that affect their lives and have equal access to food, clean water, sanitation, healthcare, employment, shelter, clothing, recreation, leisure.
Creating an equitable society

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9
Q

Social sustainability characteristics (5)

A
  • Elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection system
  • gender equality
  • access to safe and decent working conditions
  • promotion of political and legal rights
  • peace and security
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10
Q

Environmental Sustainability

A

Ensuring the natural environment is utilised in a way that will preserve natural resources into the future. Human activities should use natural resources at a rate that allows these resources to replenish for future generations

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11
Q

Environmental sustainability characteristics

A
  • Biodiversity
  • Use of natural resources
  • Waste removal and pollution
  • Climate change
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12
Q

Environmental sustainability’s effect on physical h+w

A

✔ = clean water and air = reduces risk of infectious diseases and respiratory diseases

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13
Q

Environmental sustainability’s effect on social h+w

A

natural resources = food = energy = communicate/socialise = make meaningful relationships and maintain network of friends

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14
Q

Environmental sustainability’s effect on mental h+w

A

✔ = reduces natural disasters associated with extreme weather events = less exposure =reduced stress levels

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15
Q

Environmental sustainability’s effect on emotional h+w

A

✔ = access to clean water and food = focus on other things e.g. on recognising emotions experienced = appropriately deal with them

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16
Q

Environmental sustainability’s effect on spiritual h+w

A

✔ = access to natural areas = relax + leisure time = connectedness to the world in which people live

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17
Q

Human development

A

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.

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18
Q

Human development characteristics (9)

A
  • lead long and healthy lives
  • have access to knowledge
  • have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living
  • participate in the life of the community
  • participate in the decisions that affect their lives
  • having more freedom and choices
  • leading a life you value
  • developing abilities and skills
  • influencing and participating actively in the processes that shape your life
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19
Q

Human Development Index

A
  • The United Nations developed the Human Development Index to measure human development in a country or region
  • This provides a single statistic that reflects the social and economic development of a country.
  • Ranges from 0-1
  • There are 3 dimensions and indicators used to calculate the HDI
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20
Q

Human Development Limitations (5)

A
  1. The HDI only reflects selected aspects of human development such as life expectancy, education and average income and therefore does not capture the richness and depth of human development.
  2. The HDI, although moving beyond economic indicators, is still based on averages. Just because a country has a high GNI per capita, it does not mean that all people share in that wealth.
  3. No survey data are collected in the HDI, so people’s feelings about their lives and issues facing communities are not reflected. Instead only data relating to averages in relation to education, income and life expectancy are included.
  4. Collecting data is complex and the reliability of data for measuring human development remains a challenge. Some countries do not have the same high standards of data collection, so the HDI may not always be an accurate reflection of human development.
  5. In some situations, the concept of human development has been equated with the three dimensions of the HDI, which neglects key aspects of human development including freedom, choices and capabilities.
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21
Q

Human Development Index (HDI) Advantages

A
  • Takes more than the average income into account = more comprehensive representation
  • Provides an indication of opportunities for education, which reflects access to knowledge
  • average income reflects the ability to access the resources required for a decent standard of living
  • Composite statistic = single statistic making comparison easier
  • Effective for analysing the progress of countries over time
  • Raised awareness of the importance of human development
22
Q

Effects of poverty on low-income countries compared to high-income countries (malaria)

A

Higher rates of poverty in low-income countries can mean that the government cannot invest in controlling water courses. This can provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes and increase the morbidity rates of malaria, compared to high-income countries.

23
Q

Effects of poverty on the health status of low-income countries compared to high-income countries

A

Poverty rates are higher in low-income countries compared to high-income countries. This can mean that people cannot access resources such as health care. This can mean that conditions go untreated and contribute to premature death which decreases life expectancy. In comparison, high-income countries have higher access to healthcare meaning there’s higher life expectancy

24
Q

Clean water’s effect on low-income countries, no outcomes, just before it

A

Lack of clean water piped to houses - means women spend hours each day collecting water, this limits time for employment and education

25
Q

Differences in health status between high- and low-income countries due to workplace safety

A

Workplaces in higher-income countries are often safer due to safety laws and policies than those in lower-income countries. This can mean that fewer people are injured or killed at work which contributes to a lower rate of DALY.

26
Q

Effect of conflict on health status in low-income countries

A

Low-income countries may be more likely to experience conflict which can destroy infrastructure and mean that water cannot be transported to towns and communities. Leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates from water-borne infectious diseases and thus lowering life expectancy.

27
Q

Conflict’s effect on emotional h+w

A

Rape = tool of war = emotional trauma

28
Q

Conflict’s effect on mental h+w

A

Child soldiers may be recruited to fight = high levels of stress

29
Q

Effect of global trade on health status of high-income country

A

Global trade allows the Australian Government to collect taxation revenue which can be spent on creating clean water supplies, education, hospitals, roads, transport, social protection systems of income and pensions for disabled people and the elderly, thus increasing life expectancy.

30
Q

Effect of global trade on health status of low-income country

A

Low-income countries are less likely to trade on the global market, reducing access to many resources for the people and contributing to lower life expectancy due to lack of education and clean water and sanitation.

31
Q

United Nations Declaration of Human Rights:

A
  • All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
  • Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
32
Q

Sex discrimination and gender inequality

A

Occurs as one sex is treated differently to the other sex

For example women in low income countries might be forced into arranged marriages or can’t own a business.

33
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Refers to the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to this can lead to people who are attracted to the same sex being discriminated against, refused jobs or assaulted.

34
Q

Gender identity discrimination

A

Based upon the gender that a person identifies as (which may be different to the gender assigned to them at birth and their actual biological gender, again this can lead to people who are attracted to the same sex being discriminated against, refused jobs or assaulted.

35
Q

Why is biodiversity important for physical h+w

A
  • Medicines
  • Clean air = less respiratory diseases
  • Oxygen produced = essential for human functioning
  • Natural resources = shelter = sleep = energy/immune system
  • Animals = pollination = food supply = energy
36
Q

Climate change’s impact on physical h+w

A

1)
increasing temp = neg affects agricultural system = food more difficult to cultivate = lower energy levels

2)
increasing temp = breeding ground for mosquitoes = malaria

3)
higher avg temp = weather pattern changes = heat waves = more deaths (exp for people with cvd)

4)
increasing temp = more pollen = asthma attacks

37
Q

Climate change’s impact on spiritual h+w

A

increasing temp = drought = farmers lose income = sense of purpose in life decreases

38
Q

Mass migration

A

Mass migration is the movement of a large groups people from one area to another - refugees have been displaced from their homeland

39
Q

Mass migration’s impact on social h+w

A

Migrants may experience language barriers in their new country which can contribute to levels of stress which impacts mental health and wellbeing.

40
Q

Mass migration’s impact on spiritual h+w

A

As refugees are not considered citizens by the government, they may feel that they don’t belong and are disconnected from others in their country which impacts spiritual health and wellbeing.

41
Q

Digital technologies promoting physical h+w

A

WHO sharing knowledge about diseases = preventing transmission of the disease

42
Q

Tourism advantages

A
  • Promotes inclusive and sustainable economic growth
  • Contributes to social inclusiveness and employment
  • Promotes resource efficiency and environmental protection
  • Preserves cultural values, diversity and heritage
  • Promotes mutual understanding, peace and security.
43
Q

Tourism disadvantages

A
  • Increased tourism can place added strain on infrastructure which can reduce the ability to access clean water. This can increase the risk of infectious diseases impacting physical health and wellbeing.h
  • More people travelling overseas can increase the risk of infectious diseases crossing international borders. This can increase levels of stress if people are more concerned about disease outbreak.
44
Q

Globalisation

A

The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale.
It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society.
A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process.

45
Q

Global marketing

A

How products are advertised and promoted to people around the world.

46
Q

Processed Foods

A

Processed foods relate to any food items that have been deliberately changed from the natural state before being made available to eat. The food is not being sold in its original form

47
Q

Negative impacts of processed foods

A
  • energy dense and nutrient lacking = obesity = type 2 diabetes + cvd
  • high in salt = increase blood volume = hypertension = cvd
48
Q

Reasons why tobacco companies target low-income countries

A
  • lower smoking rates in high-income countries
  • lower levels of education
  • lack of laws concerning tobacco advertising and smoking
  • low taxes on tobacco
  • desire of western culture
49
Q

Processed foods

A
  • Increasing incomes, and the migration of many people from rural areas to major cities, has increased access to processed foods
  • People neglect traditional diets, which are often low in fat, for westernised foods.
  • Processed foods often high in fat, salt and/or sugar and contribute to a more energy-dense diet
50
Q

Alcohol

A
  • increasingly targetting low- and middle-income countries.
  • there’s no cultural relationship with alcohol consumption
  • lack of resources to educate
  • more money on alcohol = less money for essentials = lowering health status
  • alcohol abuse = liver disease, cvd, cancer, violence

HHD (12 decks)

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