U3 O1 ch 3/4

Question 1

biological def

Answer 1

relates to the adequate functioning of the cells, tissues, systems and body as a whole and its impact on health and wellbeing

Question 2

Sociocultural def

Answer 2

Relate to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. Relates to the society in which people live are raised. aspects of society like and education and income that influence health.

Question 3

Environment def

Answer 3

relates to the natural and physically built features in which we live, work and play.

Question 4

what are the three subsections of biological factors

Answer 4

Blood
Weight
Genetics

Question 5

Genetic predisposition

Answer 5

an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup (often indicated by a person’s family history of disease)

Question 6

biological factors>blood factors

Answer 6

blood pressure
blood cholesterol
blood glucose

Question 7

biological factors>weight factors (2)

Answer 7

body weight
birth weight

Question 8

biological factors>genetic factors

Answer 8

sex (male or female)
predisposition to disease
hormones

Question 9

what is the acronym for sociocultural factors

Answer 9

Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achievement

Question 10

what does the acronym for sociocultural factors stand for

Answer 10

Social - SES (socioeconomic status-> income, occupation, education), connectedness, exclusion, isolation

Experiences - early life experiences

Cause - culture

Further - food security

Under - underemployment

Achievement - access to health care

Question 11

what is the acronym for environmental factors

Answer 11

Good Houses Increase Working Conditions

Question 12

what does the acronym for environmental factors stand for

Answer 12

Good - geographic location and resources

Houses - housing

Increase - infrastructure

Working - work environment

Conditions - climate and climate change

Question 13

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > biological factors

Answer 13

Higher obesity rates
Higher rates of hypertension
Higher rates of impaired glucose regulation
Higher rates of low birth weight babies

GLOH
G - higher rates of impaired Glucose regulation
L - higher rates of Low birth weight babies
O - higher Obesity rates
H - higher rates of Hypertension

Question 14

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > sociocultural factors

Answer 14

Lower incomes, education levels and lower status occupations
Lower levels of health literacy
More likely to be unemployed
Higher rates of social exclusion
More likely to experience food insecurity
Early life experiences including higher rates of maternal smoking
Less likely to access healthcare (and have lower levels of private health insurance)

SASS
S - SES (+ health literacy, unemployment)
A - less likely to Access healthcare
S - higher rates of Social exclusion
S - early life experiences including higher rates of maternal Smoking

Question 15

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > environmental factors

Answer 15

Proximity to fast-food outlets
Housing, including environmental tobacco smoke
Work environments
Neighbourhood safety

Question 16

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > general

Answer 16

Life expectancy is about three years lower for the most disadvantaged groups
Higher mortality rates
More avoidable deaths
Higher rates of coronary heart disease and stroke
Higher rates and mortality from injuries
Almost twice the rate of mental and behavioural problems
Higher prevalence and mortality rates from lung cancer
Higher rates of asthma and COPD
Higher rates of arthritis
Higher rates of mental and behavioural problems

Question 17

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > biological factors

Answer 17

• Higher rates of overweight
• Higher rates of hypertension
• Impaired glucose regulation
• Genetics, including sex and hormones

HOGG
H - higher rates of Hypertension
O - higher rates of Overweight
G - impaired Glucose regulation
G - Genetics

Question 18

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > sociocultural factors

Answer 18

• Impacts of unemployment
• Higher socioeconomic status
• Cultural influences and gender stereotypes

USS
U - Unemployment
S - higher Socioeconomic status
S - cultural influences and gender Stereotypes

Question 19

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > environmental factors

Answer 19

males often work in more dangerous environments

Question 20

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > general

Answer 20

• Life expectancy around four years less than females
  -Higher rates of burden of disease
• Higher chance of death at each stage of the life span
• Higher rates of injury than females
• Higher rates of deads aset dicide, ond many types violence
• Higher rates of diabetes and kidney disease
• Higher rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Lower rates of osteoporosis and arthritis
• Lower rates of mental and behavioural problems
• Less likely to experience very high levels of psychological distress
• Less likely to experience a core activity limitation

Question 21

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > biological factors

Answer 21

• higher rates of overweight and obesity
• high blood cholesterol
• impaired glucose regulation
• higher rates of low birth weight babies
• higher rates of hypertension

Question 22

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > Sociocultural factors

Answer 22

• lower incomes
• less access to education
• higher rates of unemployment
• fewer healthcare professionals
• higher levels of social isolation
• food insecurity
• early life experiences including higher rates of maternal smoking

Question 23

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > Environmental factors

Answer 23

• poorer road quality
• poorly lit roads
• greater driving distances
• reduced proximity to resources such as healthcare, transport, recreation facilities, supermarkets, employment
• greater exposure to harsh climates and the effects of climate change
• less access to fluoridated water
• more dangerous working environments

Question 24

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > general

Answer 24

• Lower life expectancy (life expectancy decreases as level of remoteness increases: 1-2 years less for rural areas, up to 7 years less for remote areas
• Higher rates of burden of disease from fatal and non-fatal outcomes
• Higher mortality rates
• Higher rates of preventable cancers: lung and melanoma and detectable cancers (cervical)
• Higher death rates from cardiovascular
disease including higher rates of coronary heart disease
• Higher rates of avoidable deaths, including deaths due to injury and suicide
• Higher rates of diabetes
• Higher rates of arthritis
• Higher rates of mental health issues
• Higher rates of respiratory diseases including asthma and COPD
• Higher rates of dental decay

Question 25

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > biological factors

Answer 25

- high body mass index - hypertension - impaired glucose regualtion - low birth weight

Question 26

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > Sociocultural factors

Answer 26

- low SES - high rates of unemployment - lower levels of health literacy - social exclusion, including discrimination, rascism, forced removal from the natural family - high rates of food insecurity - early life experiences - lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare - homelessness

Question 27

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > environmental factors

Answer 27

- poorer quality and overcrowded housing - poorer quality water and sanitation systems - poorer infrastructure, including poorer road quality - lack of access to healthcare facilities

Question 28

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > general

Answer 28

- life expectancy about ten years less than other australians - higher mortality rates in each age group - twice as likely to have severe profound disability - infant mortality 1.5 times higher than the rest of the population - half as likely to rate health status as excellent or very good - burden of disease rates 2.3 times higher than non-ind population - higher rates of chronic conditions inc. cancer, asthma, CVD - high or very high levels of psychological distress experiences at 3 times the rate of the non-ind population - diabetes/high glucose rates around 3.5 times higher than the rest of the population - chronic kidney diseases rates nearly 4 times higher than the rest of the population - higher rates of STIs - higher rates of dental decay and gum disease

Question 29

Antioxidants

Answer 29

compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

Question 30

Atherosclerosis

Answer 30

the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to get through

Question 31

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer 31

a statistical measure of body mass weight(kg)/height(m)^2

Question 32

Cholesterol

Answer 32

a type of fat required for optimal functioning of the body that in excess can lead to a range of health concerns including the blocking of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Can be ‘bad’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘good’ high density lipoprotein (HDL).

Question 33

Dental caries

Answer 33

decay of teeth caused by a breakdown in the tissues that make up the tooth

Question 34

Energy dense

Answer 34

(foods) foods that contain significant amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein, therefore contributing large amounts of energy to the diet

Question 35

Fortified

Answer 35

(foods) when a nutrient has been artificially added to food to increase its nutritional value

Question 36

Free radicals

Answer 36

molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised. Free radicals can damage healthy body cells and increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Question 37

Hypertension

Answer 37

high blood pressure. When blood is being pumped through the arteries at a harder and faster rate that is considered normal/healthy.

Question 38

Neural tube defects

Answer 38

conditions characterised by damage to the brain and spine, and to the nerve tissue of the spinal cord during prenatal development. Examples include spina bifida and anencephaly.

Question 39

Nutrient dense

Answer 39

(foods) foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals

Question 40

Periodontitis

Answer 40

a condition characterised by inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth

Question 41

Diabetes mellitus -type 1, type 2, gestational

Answer 41

A metabolic disease which leads to high blood glucose levels from defective insulin secretion, insulin action or both

Question 42

Impaired glucose regulation (insulin resistance)

Answer 42

Occurs when the cells become resistant to the action of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed by the cells. Is a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Question 43

overweight

Answer 43

Having a BMI of 25 - 29.9

Question 44

obese

Answer 44

Having a BMI of 30 and over

Question 45

How is obesity measured (2)

Answer 45

1. BMI 2. Waist circumference, to measure abdominal fat

Question 46

low birth weight

Answer 46

baby born under 2.5 kg

Question 47

high BMI

Answer 47

When a person has a BMI of 25 or higher (this is categorised as overweight or obese).

Question 48

Iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 48

A condition characterised by a reduced ability of the body to deliver enough oxygen to the cells due to a lack of healthy blood cells. In this case due to insufficient iron.

Question 49

Cirrhosis (of liver)

Answer 49

Is a type of liver damage where healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue. The liver is unable to perform its vital functions of metabolism, production of proteins, including blood clotting factors, and filtering of drugs and toxins.

Question 50

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 50

An umbrella term that describes a range of conditions that can occur in children exposed to alcohol before birth.

Question 51

Dementia

Answer 51

Dementia describes a collection of symptoms that are caused by disorders affecting the brain. It is not one specific disease. Dementia affects thinking, behaviour and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Brain function is affected enough to interfere with the person's normal social or working life. Leading cause is Alzheimer's Disease.

Question 52

Mental health disorders

Answer 52

Disturbances of mood that can affect behaviour and distress the person, so that the person has trouble functioning normally. They include anxiety disorders and depression.

Question 53

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (lungs)

Answer 53

A progressive and disabling long-term lung diseases where damage to the lungs obstructs oxygen intake and causes increasing shortness of breath. Eg emphysema.

Question 54

Osteoarthritis

Answer 54

A group of diseases involving the degradation of joints and cartilage, causing stiffness and tenderness in the joints, as well as inflammation, pain and locking. Mainly due to wear of the cartilage over years.

Question 55

Arthritis

Answer 55

A term used to describe a disorder of one or more joints.

Question 56

Osteoporosis

Answer 56

Refers to porous bones, where the bone density thins and weakens, resulting in an increased risk of fracture (breakage).

Question 57

Musculoskeletal conditions

Answer 57

Ill health related to the muscles, joints and bones.

Question 58

Asthma

Answer 58

A chronic condition that affects the small air passages of the lungs. When exposed to certain triggers the airways narrow, making it difficult to breathe.

Question 59

low intake of iron>burden of disease

Answer 59

* YLD due to anaemia, especially among females of childbearing age

Question 60

low intake of iron > health concerns

Answer 60

- anaemia

Question 61

low intake of iron > health status

Answer 61

* Incidence and prevalence of anaemia, especially among females of childbearing age

Question 62

low intake of fibre > burden of disease

Answer 62

- Contributes to DALY associated with colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease

Question 63

low intake of fibre > health status

Answer 63

* Increased morbidity and mortality rates from colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease * Lower life expectancy and HALE

Question 64

low intake of fibre > health concerns

Answer 64

* High body mass index and associated conditions * Colorectal cancer * High cholesterol and cardiovascular disease * Type 2 diabetes

Question 65

high intake of sugar>burden of disease

Answer 65

* DALY due to high body mass index and associated conditions. * YLD due to dental caries, especially among younger Australians * YLD due to dental diseases including periodontitis

Question 66

high intake of sugar>health status

Answer 66

* Higher mortality rates due to high body mass index and associated conditions. * Incidence and prevalence of dental caries * Lower life expectancy and HALE

Question 67

high intake of sugar>health concerns

Answer 67

* High body mass index and associated conditions including cardiovascular disease, some cancers and type 2 diabetes * Dental caries and dental disease

Question 68

high intake of salt> burden of disease

Answer 68

* DALY due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke and heart attack * Increased YLD due to osteoporosis especially among older females

Question 69

high intake of salt>health concerns

Answer 69

* Hypertension * Heart failure, stroke and heart attack * Osteoporosis

Question 70

high intake of salt>health status

Answer 70

* Morbidity and mortality rates due to hypertension, heart failure, stroke and heart attack * Incidence of osteoporosis especially among older females * Lower life expectancy and HALE

Question 71

high intake of fat> burden of disease

Answer 71

* Increases DALY associated with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer

Question 72

high intake of fat>health status

Answer 72

* Increases morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer * Lower life expectancy and HALE

Question 73

high intake of fat>health concerns

Answer 73

* High body mass index and associated conditions * Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease * Various cancers * Type 2 diabetes

Question 74

underconsumption of dairy>burden of disease

Answer 74

* Contributes significant YLD as a result of osteoporosis especially among older females * DALY associated with cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes * YLD due to dental caries

Question 75

underconsumption of dairy>health concerns

Answer 75

* Osteoporosis * Cardiovascular disease * Colorectal cancer * Type 2 diabetes * Dental caries

Question 76

underconsumption of dairy>health status

Answer 76

Morbidity due to osteoporosis * Morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes * Incidence of dental caries

Question 77

underconsumption of fruit>burden of disease

Answer 77

* YLL and YLD associated with high body mass index, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers * DALY for infants associated with neural tube defects

Question 78

underconsumption of fruit>health concerns

Answer 78

* High body mass index and associated conditions * Various cancers * Cardiovascular disease * Neural tube defects

Question 79

underconsumption of fruit>health status

Answer 79

* Increased levels of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and some cancers * Higher infant and under-five mortality rates * Lower life expectancy and HALE

Question 80

underconsumption of vegetables>burden of disease

Answer 80

* YLL and YLD associated with high body mass index, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers * DALY for infants associated with neural tube defects

Question 81

underconsumption of vegetables>health status

Answer 81

* Increased levels of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease and some cancers * Higher infant and under-five mortality rates * Lower life expectancy and hale

Question 82

underconsumption of vegetables>health concerns

Answer 82

* High body mass index and associated conditions * Various cancers * Cardiovascular disease * Neural tube defects

Question 83

high BMI > health concerns

Answer 83

* Cardiovascular disease * Some cancers * Type 2 diabetes * Kidney disease * Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis * Asthma * Mental health issues * Maternal health conditions

Question 84

high BMI > health status

Answer 84

* Increased morbidity and mortality rates due to a range of causes such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease * Lower life expectancy and HALE

Question 85

high BMI > burden of disease

Answer 85

Contributes to 54 per cent of diabetes burden * 40 per cent of kidney disease burden was caused by high body mass index * Contributes to 25 per cent of coronary heart disease burden and 21 per cent of stroke burden * YLD for mental health issues, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes and asthma

Question 86

alcohol> burden of disease

Answer 86

* Alcohol use is responsible for all of the DALY associated with alcohol use disorders * 24 per cent of the total burden due to road traffic injuries was due to alcohol use * Caused 28 per cent of the total DALY due to liver diseases * Contributed 14 per cent of DALY due to suicide and self-inflicted injuries * Contributed significant YLL due to cancers * Increases YLL and YLD due to cardiovascular disease

Question 87

alcohol> health status

Answer 87

* Increased incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, liver diseases, injuries * Higher rates of morbidity due to mental health issues * Increased infant and under-five mortality rates

Question 88

alcohol> health concerns

Answer 88

* Alcohol use disorder * Weight gain, high body mass index and associated conditions including cardiovascular disease, some cancers and type 2 diabetes * Cancer — including mouth, throat, stomach, bowel, liver and breast * Liver disease — including cirrhosis * Injuries * Mental health issues and self-harm * Prenatal/infant health outcomes including FASD

Question 89

smoking> burden of disease

Answer 89

Responsible for just under 20 per cent of burden of disease for coronary heart disease and 10 per cent for asthma * Responsible for almost 80 per cent of lung cancer DALYs and 72 per cent COPD DALYs * Low birth weight is a leading cause of burden of disease in 0–14 year olds

Question 90

smoking>health concerns

Answer 90

* Cardiovascular disease * Cancer * Asthma * Prenatal and infancy health concerns * Respiratory conditions * Infections

Question 91

smoking> health status

Answer 91

* Increased morbidity and mortality from CVD, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * Increased risk of infection due to low birth weight contributing to increased infant and under-five mortality rates * Increased morbidity from asthma attacks and infectious diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections * Lower life expectancy and health adjusted life expectancy

Question 92

Health literacy

Answer 92

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

Question 93

Infrastructure

Answer 93

the physical and organisational structures, facilities and systems (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society

Question 94

Menopause

Answer 94

when the menstrual cycle stops permanently, ending the ability of a female to reproduce

Question 95

Sanitation

Answer 95

the process of eliminating contact between humans and hazardous wastes, including human and animal faeces and urine, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage and grey water), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes

Question 96

Social exclusion

Answer 96

the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live

Question 97

Social isolation

Answer 97

refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others

Question 98

Syndrome X

Answer 98

(also called metabolic syndrome) when a person exhibits a range of factors that increase their risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Examples of the factors include abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and insulin resistance.