Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HHD > U3 O1 ch 3/4 > Flashcards

U3 O1 ch 3/4 Flashcards

1
Q

biological def

A

relates to the adequate functioning of the cells, tissues, systems and body as a whole and its impact on health and wellbeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sociocultural def

A

Relate to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. Relates to the society in which people live are raised. aspects of society like and education and income that influence health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Environment def

A

relates to the natural and physically built features in which we live, work and play.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three subsections of biological factors

A

Blood
Weight
Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup (often indicated by a person’s family history of disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

biological factors>blood factors

A

blood pressure
blood cholesterol
blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

biological factors>weight factors (2)

A

body weight
birth weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

biological factors>genetic factors

A

sex (male or female)
predisposition to disease
hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the acronym for sociocultural factors

A

Social Experiences Cause Further Under Achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the acronym for sociocultural factors stand for

A

Social - SES (socioeconomic status-> income, occupation, education), connectedness, exclusion, isolation

Experiences - early life experiences

Cause - culture

Further - food security

Under - underemployment

Achievement - access to health care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the acronym for environmental factors

A

Good Houses Increase Working Conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the acronym for environmental factors stand for

A

Good - geographic location and resources

Houses - housing

Increase - infrastructure

Working - work environment

Conditions - climate and climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > biological factors

A

Higher obesity rates
Higher rates of hypertension
Higher rates of impaired glucose regulation
Higher rates of low birth weight babies

GLOH
G - higher rates of impaired Glucose regulation
L - higher rates of Low birth weight babies
O - higher Obesity rates
H - higher rates of Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > sociocultural factors

A

Lower incomes, education levels and lower status occupations
Lower levels of health literacy
More likely to be unemployed
Higher rates of social exclusion
More likely to experience food insecurity
Early life experiences including higher rates of maternal smoking
Less likely to access healthcare (and have lower levels of private health insurance)

SASS
S - SES (+ health literacy, unemployment)
A - less likely to Access healthcare
S - higher rates of Social exclusion
S - early life experiences including higher rates of maternal Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > environmental factors

A

Proximity to fast-food outlets
Housing, including environmental tobacco smoke
Work environments
Neighbourhood safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status between high and low SES groups > general

A

Life expectancy is about three years lower for the most disadvantaged groups
Higher mortality rates
More avoidable deaths
Higher rates of coronary heart disease and stroke
Higher rates and mortality from injuries
Almost twice the rate of mental and behavioural problems
Higher prevalence and mortality rates from lung cancer
Higher rates of asthma and COPD
Higher rates of arthritis
Higher rates of mental and behavioural problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > biological factors

A
  • Higher rates of overweight
  • Higher rates of hypertension
  • Impaired glucose regulation
  • Genetics, including sex and hormones

HOGG
H - higher rates of Hypertension
O - higher rates of Overweight
G - impaired Glucose regulation
G - Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > sociocultural factors

A
  • Impacts of unemployment
  • Higher socioeconomic status
  • Cultural influences and gender stereotypes

USS
U - Unemployment
S - higher Socioeconomic status
S - cultural influences and gender Stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > environmental factors

A

males often work in more dangerous environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the bio socio enviro factors contributing to the health stauts of males > general

A
  • Life expectancy around four years less than females
    -Higher rates of burden of disease
  • Higher chance of death at each stage of the life span
  • Higher rates of injury than females
  • Higher rates of deads aset dicide, ond many types violence
  • Higher rates of diabetes and kidney disease
  • Higher rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Lower rates of osteoporosis and arthritis
  • Lower rates of mental and behavioural problems
  • Less likely to experience very high levels of psychological distress
  • Less likely to experience a core activity limitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > biological factors

A
  • higher rates of overweight and obesity
  • high blood cholesterol
  • impaired glucose regulation
  • higher rates of low birth weight babies
  • higher rates of hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > Sociocultural factors

A
  • lower incomes
  • less access to education
  • higher rates of unemployment
  • fewer healthcare professionals
  • higher levels of social isolation
  • food insecurity
  • early life experiences including higher rates of maternal smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > Environmental factors

A
  • poorer road quality
  • poorly lit roads
  • greater driving distances
  • reduced proximity to resources such as healthcare, transport, recreation facilities, supermarkets, employment
  • greater exposure to harsh climates and the effects of climate change
  • less access to fluoridated water
  • more dangerous working environments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

factors to variations in health status for those living with and outsde Australia’s major cities > general

A
  • Lower life expectancy (life expectancy decreases as level of remoteness increases: 1-2 years less for rural areas, up to 7 years less for remote areas
  • Higher rates of burden of disease from fatal and non-fatal outcomes
  • Higher mortality rates
  • Higher rates of preventable cancers: lung and melanoma and detectable cancers (cervical)
  • Higher death rates from cardiovascular
disease including higher rates of coronary heart disease
  • Higher rates of avoidable deaths, including deaths due to injury and suicide
  • Higher rates of diabetes
  • Higher rates of arthritis
  • Higher rates of mental health issues
  • Higher rates of respiratory diseases including asthma and COPD
  • Higher rates of dental decay
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > biological factors

A
  • high body mass index
  • hypertension
  • impaired glucose regualtion
  • low birth weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > Sociocultural factors

A
  • low SES
  • high rates of unemployment
  • lower levels of health literacy
  • social exclusion, including discrimination, rascism, forced removal from the natural family
  • high rates of food insecurity
  • early life experiences
  • lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare
  • homelessness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > environmental factors

A
  • poorer quality and overcrowded housing
  • poorer quality water and sanitation systems
  • poorer infrastructure, including poorer road quality
  • lack of access to healthcare facilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

factors contributing to variations in health status of Indigenous Australians > general

A
  • life expectancy about ten years less than other australians
  • higher mortality rates in each age group
  • twice as likely to have severe profound disability
  • infant mortality 1.5 times higher than the rest of the population
  • half as likely to rate health status as excellent or very good
  • burden of disease rates 2.3 times higher than non-ind population
  • higher rates of chronic conditions inc. cancer, asthma, CVD
  • high or very high levels of psychological distress experiences at 3 times the rate of the non-ind population
  • diabetes/high glucose rates around 3.5 times higher than the rest of the population
  • chronic kidney diseases rates nearly 4 times higher than the rest of the population
  • higher rates of STIs
  • higher rates of dental decay and gum disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Antioxidants

A

compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to get through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

a statistical measure of body mass
weight(kg)/height(m)^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cholesterol

A

a type of fat required for optimal functioning of the body that in excess can lead to a range of health concerns
including the blocking of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Can be ‘bad’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘good’ high density
lipoprotein (HDL).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dental caries

A

decay of teeth caused by a breakdown in the tissues that make up the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Energy dense

A

(foods) foods that contain significant amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein, therefore contributing large
amounts of energy to the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fortified

A

(foods) when a nutrient has been artificially added to food to increase its nutritional value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Free radicals

A

molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised. Free radicals can damage healthy body cells and increase the
risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure.

When blood is being pumped through the arteries at a harder and faster rate that is considered normal/healthy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neural tube defects

A

conditions characterised by damage to the brain and spine, and to the nerve tissue of the spinal cord during prenatal development. Examples include spina bifida and anencephaly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Nutrient dense

A

(foods) foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Periodontitis

A

a condition characterised by inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth

41
Q

Diabetes mellitus
-type 1, type 2, gestational

A

A metabolic disease which leads to high blood glucose levels from defective insulin secretion, insulin action or both

42
Q

Impaired glucose regulation (insulin resistance)

A

Occurs when the cells become resistant to the action of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed by the cells. Is a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

43
Q

overweight

A

Having a BMI of 25 - 29.9

44
Q

obese

A

Having a BMI of 30 and over

45
Q

How is obesity measured (2)

A
  1. BMI
  2. Waist circumference, to measure abdominal fat
46
Q

low birth weight

A

baby born under 2.5 kg

47
Q

high BMI

A

When a person has a BMI of 25 or higher (this is categorised as overweight or obese).

48
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia

A

A condition characterised by a reduced ability of the body to deliver enough oxygen to the cells due to a lack of healthy blood cells. In this case due to insufficient iron.

49
Q

Cirrhosis (of liver)

A

Is a type of liver damage where healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue. The liver is unable to perform its vital functions of metabolism, production of proteins, including blood clotting factors, and filtering of drugs and toxins.

50
Q

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

An umbrella term that describes a range of conditions that can occur in children exposed to alcohol before birth.

51
Q

Dementia

A

Dementia describes a collection of symptoms that are caused by disorders affecting the brain. It is not one specific disease.
Dementia affects thinking, behaviour and the ability to perform everyday tasks. Brain function is affected enough to interfere with the person’s normal social or working life.
Leading cause is Alzheimer’s Disease.

52
Q

Mental health disorders

A

Disturbances of mood that can affect behaviour and distress the person, so that the person has trouble functioning normally. They include anxiety disorders and depression.

53
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
(lungs)

A

A progressive and disabling long-term lung diseases where damage to the lungs obstructs oxygen intake and causes increasing shortness of breath. Eg emphysema.

54
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A group of diseases involving the degradation of joints and cartilage, causing stiffness and tenderness in the joints, as well as inflammation, pain and locking. Mainly due to wear of the cartilage over years.

55
Q

Arthritis

A

A term used to describe a disorder of one or more joints.

56
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Refers to porous bones, where the bone density thins and weakens, resulting in an increased risk of fracture (breakage).

57
Q

Musculoskeletal conditions

A

Ill health related to the muscles, joints and bones.

58
Q

Asthma

A

A chronic condition that affects the small air passages of the lungs.
When exposed to certain triggers the airways narrow, making it difficult to breathe.

59
Q

low intake of iron>burden of disease

A
  • YLD due to anaemia,
    especially among females
    of childbearing age
60
Q

low intake of iron > health concerns

A
  • anaemia
61
Q

low intake of iron > health status

A
  • Incidence and prevalence of
    anaemia, especially among
    females of childbearing age
62
Q

low intake of fibre > burden of disease

A
  • Contributes to DALY associated with colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease
63
Q

low intake of fibre > health status

A
  • Increased morbidity and
    mortality rates from
    colorectal cancer and
    cardiovascular disease
  • Lower life expectancy and
    HALE
64
Q

low intake of fibre > health concerns

A
  • High body mass index
    and associated conditions
  • Colorectal cancer
  • High cholesterol and
    cardiovascular disease
  • Type 2 diabetes
65
Q

high intake of sugar>burden of disease

A
  • DALY due to high body mass index
    and associated conditions.
  • YLD due to dental caries, especially
    among younger Australians
  • YLD due to dental diseases including
    periodontitis
66
Q

high intake of sugar>health status

A
  • Higher mortality rates due to high body
    mass index and associated conditions.
  • Incidence and prevalence of dental caries
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE
67
Q

high intake of sugar>health concerns

A
  • High body mass index
    and associated conditions
    including cardiovascular
    disease, some cancers
    and type 2 diabetes
  • Dental caries and dental
    disease
68
Q

high intake of salt> burden of disease

A
  • DALY due to hypertension, heart
    failure, stroke and heart attack
  • Increased YLD due to osteoporosis
    especially among older females
69
Q

high intake of salt>health concerns

A
  • Hypertension
  • Heart failure, stroke
    and heart attack
  • Osteoporosis
70
Q

high intake of salt>health status

A
  • Morbidity and mortality rates due
    to hypertension, heart failure,
    stroke and heart attack
  • Incidence of osteoporosis especially
    among older females
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE
71
Q

high intake of fat> burden of disease

A
  • Increases DALY associated with
    cardiovascular disease, type 2
    diabetes, colorectal cancer
72
Q

high intake of fat>health status

A
  • Increases morbidity and mortality
    rates associated with
    cardiovascular disease, type 2
    diabetes, colorectal cancer
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE
73
Q

high intake of fat>health concerns

A
  • High body mass index
    and associated conditions
  • Atherosclerosis and
    cardiovascular disease
  • Various cancers
  • Type 2 diabetes
74
Q

underconsumption of dairy>burden of disease

A
  • Contributes significant YLD as a
    result of osteoporosis
    especially among older females
  • DALY associated with cardiovascular
    disease, colorectal cancer and
    type 2 diabetes
  • YLD due to dental caries
75
Q

underconsumption of dairy>health concerns

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Dental caries
76
Q

underconsumption of dairy>health status

A

Morbidity due to osteoporosis
* Morbidity and mortality due to
cardiovascular disease, colorectal
cancer and type 2 diabetes
* Incidence of dental caries

77
Q

underconsumption of fruit>burden of disease

A
  • YLL and YLD associated with high body
    mass index, including cardiovascular
    disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers
  • DALY for infants associated with neural
    tube defects
78
Q

underconsumption of fruit>health concerns

A
  • High body mass index and
    associated conditions
  • Various cancers
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Neural tube defects
79
Q

underconsumption of fruit>health status

A
  • Increased levels of morbidity and mortality
    due to cardiovascular disease and some
    cancers
  • Higher infant and under-five mortality rates
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE
80
Q

underconsumption of vegetables>burden of disease

A
  • YLL and YLD associated with
    high body mass index,
    including cardiovascular
    disease, type 2 diabetes
    and some cancers
  • DALY for infants associated
    with neural tube defects
81
Q

underconsumption of vegetables>health status

A
  • Increased levels of morbidity
    and mortality due to
    cardiovascular disease and
    some cancers
  • Higher infant and under-five
    mortality rates
  • Lower life expectancy and
    hale
82
Q

underconsumption of vegetables>health concerns

A
  • High body mass index
    and associated conditions
  • Various cancers
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Neural tube defects
83
Q

high BMI > health concerns

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Some cancers
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Kidney disease
  • Osteoarthritis and
    osteoporosis
  • Asthma
  • Mental health issues
  • Maternal health conditions
84
Q

high BMI > health status

A
  • Increased morbidity and mortality rates
    due to a range of causes such as cancer,
    cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and
    cardiovascular disease
  • Lower life expectancy and HALE
85
Q

high BMI > burden of disease

A

Contributes to 54 per cent of
diabetes burden
* 40 per cent of kidney disease
burden was caused by high
body mass index
* Contributes to 25 per cent of
coronary heart disease burden
and 21 per cent of stroke burden
* YLD for mental health issues, osteoarthritis,
type 2 diabetes and asthma

86
Q

alcohol> burden of disease

A
  • Alcohol use is responsible for
    all of the DALY associated with
    alcohol use disorders
  • 24 per cent of the total burden due
    to road traffic injuries was due
    to alcohol use
  • Caused 28 per cent of the total
    DALY due to liver diseases
  • Contributed 14 per cent of DALY
    due to suicide and self-inflicted
    injuries
  • Contributed significant YLL
    due to cancers
  • Increases YLL and YLD due to
    cardiovascular disease
87
Q

alcohol> health status

A
  • Increased incidence and mortality
    from cardiovascular disease,
    type 2 diabetes, some cancers,
    liver diseases, injuries
  • Higher rates of morbidity due
    to mental health issues
  • Increased infant and under-five
    mortality rates
88
Q

alcohol> health concerns

A
  • Alcohol use disorder
  • Weight gain, high body mass
    index and associated conditions
    including cardiovascular disease,
    some cancers and type 2 diabetes
  • Cancer — including mouth, throat,
    stomach, bowel, liver and breast
  • Liver disease — including cirrhosis
  • Injuries
  • Mental health issues and self-harm
  • Prenatal/infant health outcomes including
    FASD
89
Q

smoking> burden of disease

A

Responsible for just under 20 per cent of burden
of disease for coronary heart disease and
10 per cent for asthma
* Responsible for almost 80 per cent of lung cancer
DALYs and 72 per cent COPD DALYs
* Low birth weight is a leading cause of burden of
disease in 0–14 year olds

90
Q

smoking>health concerns

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer
  • Asthma
  • Prenatal and infancy
    health concerns
  • Respiratory conditions
  • Infections
91
Q

smoking> health status

A
  • Increased morbidity and mortality from
    CVD, cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary
    disease (COPD)
  • Increased risk of infection due to low birth weight
    contributing to increased infant and under-five
    mortality rates
  • Increased morbidity from asthma attacks and infectious
    diseases such as upper respiratory tract infections
  • Lower life expectancy and health adjusted life
    expectancy
92
Q

Health literacy

A

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information
and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

93
Q

Infrastructure

A

the physical and organisational structures, facilities and systems (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed
for the operation of a society

94
Q

Menopause

A

when the menstrual cycle stops permanently, ending the ability of a female to reproduce

95
Q

Sanitation

A

the process of eliminating contact between humans and hazardous wastes, including human and animal faeces and
urine, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage and grey water), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes

96
Q

Social exclusion

A

the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live

97
Q

Social isolation

A

refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others

98
Q

Syndrome X

A

(also called metabolic syndrome) when a person exhibits a range of factors that increase their risk of
cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Examples of the factors include abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and insulin
resistance.

HHD (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions