u4 aos1 sleep

Question 1

Psychological construct

Answer 1

an agreed upon description of a psychological phenomena that cannot be overtly measured or observed. E.g. anxiety, fear, intelligence, self-esteem

Question 2

Consciousness

Answer 2

the awareness of an individual has over their thoughts, feelings and perceptions (internal stimuli) and our surroundings (external stimuli) at any given moment

Question 3

normal waking consciousness NWC

Answer 3

state of consciousness in which an individual is awake and aware of objects and events in the external world; one’s sensations, mental experiences and own existence.

Question 4

altered state of consciousness ASC

Answer 4

state of consciousness that is distinctly different from normal waking consciousness in terms of quality of experiences and levels of awareness. Eg. Sleep, daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis, drug use, brain trauma

Question 5

naturally occurring ASC

Answer 5

Involves physiological and psychological changes that occur automatically and are produced spontaneously beyond our conscious control (do not require any aid). Eg: daydreaming, sleep

Question 6

Sleep

Answer 6

a naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that results in lowered levels of awareness of the external environment and is accompanied by a number of physiological changes to the body

Question 7

REM (Rapid eye movement)

Answer 7

a type of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity, and low levels of physical activity.

Question 8

NREM (non-rapid eye movement)

Answer 8

a type of sleep characterised by a lack of rapid eye movement and is subdivided into three different stages.

Question 9

sleep episode

Answer 9

full duration of time spent asleep and is made up of multiple repeated cycles of REM and NREM sleep, called sleep cycles.

Question 10

sleep cycle

Answer 10

approximately 90-minute- period that repeats during a sleep episode in which an individual progresses through stages of REM and NREM sleep.

Question 11

A hypnogram

Answer 11

a sleep graph that tracks the proportion of time spent in each stage of sleep, including awakenings, throughout a sleep episode

Question 12

electroencephalography EEG

Answer 12

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain recorded in brainwaves

Question 13

electromyography EMG

Answer 13

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the body’s muscles

Question 14

electro-oculography EOG

Answer 14

a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles that move surrounding the eyes

Question 15

Polysomnogram

Answer 15

Data collected simultaneously (usually in a sleep lab) from the EEG, EOG and EMG

Question 16

sleep diaries

Answer 16

a record containing self-reported descriptions from an individual about their sleeping periods, including an estimated time spent sleeping and judgements they might have about the quality and nature of their sleep.

Question 17

video monitoring

Answer 17

involves the use of camera and audio technologies to record an individual’s sleep hence providing behavioural data about a person’s sleep.

Question 18

circadian rhythms

Answer 18

24-hour cycles involving changes to physiological functioning or activity.
- the sleep-wake cycle

Question 19

ultradian rhythms

Answer 19

cycles which occur within (less than) 24 hours that involve changes in physiological functioning or activity
- a sleep cycle

Question 20

Suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN

Answer 20

an area of the hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating an individual’s sleep-wake patterns and plays a key role in regulating our sleep-wake cycle by acting as an internal body clock.

Question 21

Melatonin

Answer 21

a hormone released by the pineal gland typically at night- time (during low levels of light) to induce sleep as part of the sleep-wake cycle.

Question 22

Sleep deprivation

Answer 22

a state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep, either voluntarily or involuntarily

Question 23

Full sleep deprivation

Answer 23

when an individual has no sleep within a 24-hour period.

Question 24

Partial sleep deprivation

Answer 24

Involves having less sleep (either quantity or quality) than what is normally required for optimal functioning

Question 25

Affective effects

Answer 25

Affective effects: changes in emotions and emotional responses that arise from sleep deprivation. - poor emotional regulation. - irritability and moodiness. - increase in negative emotions. - reduced ability to cope with stress. - increase in aggression and impatience. - Increase in mood swings

Question 26

Behavioural effects

Answer 26

Behavioural effects: changes in actions and the ability to control them that arise from sleep deprivation. - increase the likelihood of engaging in risk-taking behaviours. - fatigue/lack of energy. - slowed reaction time. - reduced motor control. - reduced efficiency.

Question 27

Cognitive effects

Answer 27

Cognitive effects: changes in mental processes that arise from sleep deprivation. - reduce concentration. - impaired decision-making processes. - irrational/illogical thinking. - impaired short-term memory. - diminished ability to perform cognitive tasks.

Question 28

Sleep disorders

Answer 28

disturbances to typical sleeping and waking patterns

Question 29

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

Answer 29

a category of sleep disorders characterised by a persistent pattern of sleep disruption due to a misalignment between the circadian rhythm and the sleep–wake schedule required by a person.

Question 30

delayed sleep phase syndrome DSPS

Answer 30

delay in sleep onset resulting in going to sleep later and wanting to wake up later (compared to typical sleep patterns).

Question 31

advanced sleep phase disorder ASPD

Answer 31

early sleep onset resulting in going to sleep earlier and waking up earlier (compared to typical sleep patterns).

Question 32

Shift work

Answer 32

Shift work is an occupation that involves working at unusual hours, outside of the normal 9-5 workday

Question 33

Bright light therapy

Answer 33

a method used to adjust a person’s circadian rhythm through exposure to a high-intensity light source to shift an individual’s sleep-wake cycle to a desired schedule.

Question 34

Sleep hygiene

Answer 34

the practices and habits that promote an individual’s sleep patterns

Question 35

Zeitgebers

Answer 35

external cues from the environment that influence the circadian rhythm

Question 36

daylight

Answer 36

daylight is the typical light an individual is exposed to during the day, and is mostly natural blue light.

Question 37

blue light

Answer 37

blue light is a type of light that can be emitted both naturally and artificially.

Question 38

temperature

Answer 38

temperature: the degree of external heat in the environment that can influence the quality and quantity of sleep.

Question 39

eating and drinking patterns

Answer 39

eating and drinking patterns: what, when and how much food and drink is consumed by an individual.

Question 40

induced ASC

Answer 40

Involve physiological and psychological changes that occur through some kind of aid. Eg: Meditation, hypnosis, alcohol, drugs