u3 aos2 - learning Flashcards
Learning
the biological, cognitive and social processes through which an individual makes meaning from their experiences, resulting in long-lasting (relatively permanent) changes in their nervous system, behaviour, abilities and knowledge
behaviourist approaches to learning
theories that propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment and focuses on behaviours that can be directly observed and recorded.
classical conditioning
a process of learning through the involuntary repeated association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
operant conditioning
a three-phase voluntary learning process that involves an antecedent, a behaviour and a consequence, where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood that it will reoccur.
social cognitive approaches to learning
involve theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes.
observational learning
a process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour
- Attention
learner actively focusses model perform behaviour
- Retention
learner stores a mental representation of behaviour in memory
- Reproduction
learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour
- Motivation
learner has the desire to imitate the behaviour
- Reinforcement
the learner receives reinforcement. This means that the learner will repeat the behaviour again when motivated to do so.
memory
the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered.
the atkinson-shiffrin multistore model of memory
a model of memory that outlines the three separate stores of memory, each of which interacts through the process of encoding, storage and retrieval.
sensory memory
the entry point for memory that briefly stores raw information detected by the senses, it has an unlimited capacity but a duration of only 0.2 to 0.4 seconds.
short term memory STM
a store of memory that holds a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated
chunking
grouping smaller chunks of information into larger chunks in order to hold more information in STM.
maintenance rehearsal
repeating new information over and over again to keep the information in STM for as long as possible.
elaborative rehearsal
meaningfully linking new information to information already stored in your LTM
long term memory LTM
a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time
explicit memory
- explicit memory: a type of LTM that is consciously retrieved and brought into conscious awareness.
o semantic memory: a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts.
o episodic memory: type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events
implicit memory
a type of LTM that is unconsciously retrieved.
o procedural memory: a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills.
o classically conditioned memory: a type of implicit memory involving an involuntary response to a stimulus that has been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus.
hippocampus
involved in encoding explicit memories
amygdala
involved in encoding the emotional components of classically conditioned and explicit memory.
neocortex
involved in storing explicit memories.
basal ganglia
involved in encoding and storing procedural memories and classically conditioned memories that are associated with unconscious habits, behaviours, or procedures.
cerebellum
involved in encoding and storing implicit procedural memories.
possible imagined futures
hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability to create and conceptualise in their mind.
alzheimer’s disease
a neurodegenerative disease, meaning a progressive loss of neurons in the brain, that is characterised by memory decline.
amyloid plaques
fragments of protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons.
neurofibrillary tangles
accumulation of protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, inhibiting the transportation of essential substances which in turn eventually kills the neuron entirely.
Aphantasia
phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery, which refers to the visual representations and experiences of sensory information without the presence of sensory stimuli.
written traditions
are practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared primarily through writing and reading.
mnemonics
devices and techniques to aid in the encoding, storage and retrieval of information and have been used for centuries to help retain information and preserve knowledge.
acronym
mnemonic device in which the first letters of items form a pronounceable word to aid memory, particularly the encoding and storing of memory as they link information to words or surroundings we already know, and the first letter of the word acts as a retrieval cue to help bring the targeted information into STM for use.
acrostic
mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme, or poem to aid memory and may be particularly helpful when needing to remember things in a certain order. they link new information to familiar phrases or sentences we already know, which helps encode and store information and the first letter of the word acts as a retrieval cue to help bring the targeted information into STM for use.
method of loci
mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory. it assists in the encoding and storage of memories by visually linking something new to familiar places or routes and is particularly useful when needing to remember information in a certain order.
oral traditions
practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement. they are a great part of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and are an effective way to preserve and celebrate any community’s knowledge systems, stories, and customs.
sung narratives
stories that share important cultural, ecological and survival information through the use of singing, harmony, and rhythm
songlines
multimodal performances conducted as a family or community travels through the country and spaces in the landscape that record journeys, link important sites, and describe ways to live, care for, and nurture the country.
