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Biology 3&4 > U3 AOS2 P3 Pathogens > Flashcards

U3 AOS2 P3 Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

They are unique molecules that can be recognised by antibodies that may produce an immune response.

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2
Q

What cells recognise antigens?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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3
Q

What is an Immunogen?

A

A specific type of antigen that elicits an immune response

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4
Q

What are Antigens made of?

A

Usually proteins, but can be made of lipids, glycoproteins or nucleic acids.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Antigens?

A
  1. Self
  2. Non-self
  3. Allergen
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6
Q

What is a Self Antigen?

A

Antigen expressed the body’s own cells

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7
Q

What is a Non-self Antigen?

A

Antigen detected to be from a foreign body

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8
Q

What is an Allergen Antigen?

A

Antigen that elicits an inappropriate immune response or allergic response.

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9
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

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10
Q

What is another name for the MHC?

A

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens)

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11
Q

What is a MHC protein?

A

Antigen on a body cell that is read as being either self r non-self by T lymphocytes

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12
Q

What are MHC Class I Markers?

A

Self-antigens found on all body cells that function as identification tags and do not elicit an immune response

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13
Q

What are MHC Class II Markers?

A

Antigens found on the surface of Macrophages and T and B lymphocytes that present antigens to other immune cells, causing a response

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14
Q

What is a Pathogen?

A

A causative agent of an infectious disease

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15
Q

How are Pathogens classified?

A

Cellular or Non-Cellular

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16
Q

What 4 Pathogens are considered to be Cellular?

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoans
Worms

17
Q

What makes a pathogen Cellular?

A

A pathogen is Cellular if it has genetic material that is encased by a protein ‘envelope’.

18
Q

What is a Bacteria pathogen?

A

A prokaryotic organism that can either be pathogenic, beneficial or neutral to the human body.

19
Q

What part of the Bacteria causes the infection?

A

The exotoxin which some bacteria secrete

20
Q

What is a Fungi pathogen?

A

Eukaryotic organisms that are either multicellular or unicellular, that produce spores which infect cells

21
Q

What is a Protozoan pathogen?

A

Eukaryote that can reproduce individually or within a host, that have the ability to change their surface antigens to avoid detection

22
Q

What is a Worm pathogen?

A

Multicellular eukaryote that suppress the immune system by secreting inhibitors

23
Q

What are the 2 Non-Cellular pathogens?

A
  1. Virus

2. Prion

24
Q

What makes a pathogen Non-Cellular?

A

A pathogen is Non-Cellular if it has genetic material that just floats around in the cytosol

25
Q

What is a Virus pathogen?

A

Non-cellular agent that replicate within a host cell and make minor adjustments to it’s surface antigens

26
Q

What is the structure of a Virus?

A

Usually made up of a protein coat with genetic material either DNA or RNA, but never both.

27
Q

What is a Bacteriophage?

A

Specific type of virus that only infect bacterial cells

28
Q

What is a Prion pathogen?

A

Infectious particles made out of proteins that have been turned harmful by a simple change of shape

29
Q

What are the 3 general barriers that Plants and Animals contain?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Physical
  3. Microbiological
30
Q

What part of the immune system are the 3 barriers included in?

A

The Innate Immune System

31
Q

What is an example of a PHYSICAL barrier in PLANTS?

A

Plant Cells have a thick and waxy cuticle that prevent pathogens from entering

32
Q

What are 2 examples of CHEMICAL barriers in PLANTS?

A

Caffeine and Citronella

33
Q

What is an example of a PHYSICAL barrier in ANIMALS?

A

Intact Skin

Mucous membranes that trap pathogens and are lined with cilia

34
Q

What are 3 examples of CHEMICAL barriers in ANIMALS?

A

Lysosome Enzyme in tears, sweat and saliva
Stomach Acid
Ear Wax

35
Q

What is an example of a MICROBIOLOGICAL barrier in ANIMALS?

A

The beneficial bacteria located on the skin that outcompete Pathogens

Biology 3&4 (14 decks)

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