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Biology 3&4 > U3 AOS1 P3 Protein Synthesis and Gene Regulation > Flashcards

U3 AOS1 P3 Protein Synthesis and Gene Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which contains the information to produce a protein or functional RNA molecule

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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3
Q

How is mRNA created?

A

Via transcription

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4
Q

What is mRNA?

A

A copy of a nucleotide sequence for a specific gene

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5
Q

Where is rRNA made?

A

Nucleolus

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6
Q

What does rRNA make up when added with proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA?

A

Transfer amino acids to the ribosome to form polypeptide chain

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8
Q

How many different types of tRNA are there?

A

61

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9
Q

What are the sequence of 3 bases called in DNA?

A

Triplet

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10
Q

What are the sequence of 3 bases called in mRNA?

A

Codon

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11
Q

What are the sequence of 3 bases called in tRNA?

A

Anti-codon

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12
Q

What holds amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

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13
Q

What does the term degenerate mean?

A

Refers to the genetic code, as more than one codon can code for the same amino acid

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14
Q

What are the 3 STOP codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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15
Q

What is the START codon?

A

AUG

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16
Q

What 4 features do all EUKARYOTIC genes have?

A

Coding Region
Flanking Region
Upstream Region
Downstream Region

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17
Q

What is the Coding Region on a gene?

A

Part of gene which contains genetic information for making a protein

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18
Q

What is the Flanking Region on a gene?

A

Region either side of the coding region.

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19
Q

What is the Upstream Region on a gene?

A

The flanking region at the start of the coding region

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20
Q

What is the Downstream Region on a gene?

A

The flanking region at the end of the coding region

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21
Q

What is the Promoter Region?

A

The 5’ end just before the start code in upstream region

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22
Q

What binds to the Promoter Region?

A

RNA polymerase, which then creates Ribosome eventually.

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23
Q

What is an Extron?

A

All regions of DNA which are expressed (coding region)

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24
Q

What is an Intron?

A

All regions of DNA which are removed when mRNA is modified (non-coding regions)

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25
Q

What are the 3 stages of protein synthesis in Eukaryotes?

A

Transcription
RNA processing
Translation

26
Q

What is Transcription?

A

The production of a single-stranded mRNA from DNA template

27
Q

Where does Transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

28
Q

What are the 3 stages of Transcription and Translation?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

29
Q

What happens in the Initiation stage of Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter region on gene, unwinds the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds, exposing bases on template strand

30
Q

What happens in the Elongation stage of Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA template strand, attaching RNA nucleotides with base-pairing rules to form pre-mRNA

31
Q

What happens in the Termination stage of Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves into downstream region and reaches a stop codon, releasing the pre-mRNA molecule. DNA molecule then reforms

32
Q

What is the purpose of RNA processing?

A

Modifies the pre-mRNA so it can leave the Nucleus for Translation

33
Q

What happens in the first step of RNA processing?

A

5’ cap is placed at the end of pre-mRNA, protecting molecule from enzymes

34
Q

What happens in the second step of RNA processing?

A

Poly-A tail is placed at the 3’ end of pre-mRNA, stabilising the molecule

35
Q

What happens in the third step of RNA processing?

A

Introns are cut out and exons are joined together, all done by spliceosomes (splicing)

36
Q

What is Alternative Splicing?

A

pre-mRNA can be spliced in different ways, resulting in different mature mRNA strands and proteins being produced

37
Q

What is Translation?

A

Process which codons on mRNA are translated into a sequence of amino acids forming polypeptide chain

38
Q

What happens in the Initiation stage of Translation?

A

Ribosome attaches to 5’ end of mRNA strand, and moves along until it hits the start codon. A tRNA molecule then brings the initiating Methioine amino acid.

39
Q

What happens in the Elongation stage of Translation?

A

Next codons are read and relevant amino acids are bough to the ribosome. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds via condensation polymerisation

40
Q

What happens to the empty tRNA molecules after they’ve delivered their amino acid to the Ribosome?

A

Move back into the Cytoplasm to attach to another specific amino acid

41
Q

What happens in the Termination stage of Translation?

A

Amino acids keep attaching until ribosome reaches stop codon, which is then released and folded to form a protein.

42
Q

What is Gene Regulation?

A

Controls the expression of genes by switching them (induced) on and off (repressed)

43
Q

What does induced mean?

A

Refers to a gene which has been ‘switched on’

44
Q

What does repressed mean?

A

Refers to a gene which has been ‘switched off’

45
Q

What is a Constitutive Gene?

A

Housekeeping gene which maintains basic cell processes and structures, and are continually transcribed

46
Q

What is a Regulatory Gene?

A

Controls the expression of structural genes via transcription factors

47
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins which bind close to the Promoter regions and control gene expression for transcription to begin. Can also bind to RNA polymerase to induce or repress specific genes

48
Q

What is a Structural Gene?

A

Gene which codes for any protein or RNA that isn’t involved in gene regulation.
(basically everything which isn’t a Regulatory Gene)

49
Q

Name two examples of Structural Genes.

A

Enzymes
Protein Channels
Protein Components
tRNA molecules

50
Q

When does Gene Regulation occur in EUKARYOTIC cells?

A

During Transcription, mRNA processing, Translation

51
Q

When does Gene Regulation occur in PROKARYOTIC cells?

A

During Transcription only

52
Q

What is the lac operon?

A

Simple prokaryotic model of how transcription factors regulate gene expression

53
Q

What does operon mean?

A

A unit of DNA under the regulation of a single promoter that codes for several proteins

54
Q

‘The lac operon is an inducible operon.’ What does inducible mean?

A

Means that it can be switched on (induced) and off (repressed)

55
Q

How many structural genes does the lac operon express?

A

3, all coding for different enzymes

56
Q

How is the lac operon switched on (induced)?

A

With the presence of lactose

57
Q

What 3 things make up the structure of the lac operon?

A

Promoter region
Operator
3 Structural Genes

58
Q

What gene is placed beside the lac operon and what does it do?

A

The lacI gene, and its function is to code for the lac repressor making sure it’s always present

59
Q

What happens when transcription factors bind to the operator on the lac operon?

A

Blocks the RNA polymerase form binding, meaning that the gene isn’t transcribed into mRNA

60
Q

What happens to the lac operon when lactose is present?

A

Repressor stops transcription factors binding to the operator causing the RNA polymerase to attach to the promoter and transcribe mRNA for the 3 enzymes.

61
Q

What is the main function of the 3 enzymes produced?

A

To break down lactose into the monomer units glucose and galactose.

Biology 3&4 (14 decks)

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