U3 AOS P5 Adaptive Immune System

Question 1

What are 3 characteristics of the Adaptive Immune System?

Answer 1

1) It is recognises and responds to specific antigens
2) Have cells which contain an immunological memory
3) Has self-tolerance meaning that it doesn’t respond to self cells

Question 2

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 2

Specific type of WBC that is extremely important in the immune system. It includes both T and B lymphocytes

Question 3

How do lymphocytes travel around the body?

Answer 3

Via the lymphatic system

Question 4

What are the 2 separate mechanisms involved in Adaptive Immunity?

Answer 4

1) Humoral Immunity

2) Cell Mediated Immunity

Question 5

What is Humoral Immunity?

Answer 5

Type of immunity which involves the production of antibodies from B plasma lymphocytes, that bind to extracellular antibodies

Question 6

What pathogens does the Humoral Immunity target?

Answer 6

Those located outside of a cell in the interstitial spaces between Cells (extracellular pathogens)

Question 7

What is Cell Mediated Immunity?

Answer 7

Type of immunity which T lymphocytes aid in defence against infected cells with intracellular pathogens, or ones that are cancerous or damaged.

Question 8

What pathogens does the Cell Mediated Immunity target?

Answer 8

Those located within a cell (intracellular pathogens)

Question 9

Where are B lymphocytes produced/mature?

Answer 9

In the Bone Marrow

Question 10

Where are T lymphocytes produced/mature?

Answer 10

Produced in Bone Marrow, and mature in the Thymus

Question 11

What happens when a B cell binds to an antigen?

Answer 11

It becomes activated and then can differentiate into Plasma Cells or Memory B Cells

Question 12

What are Plasma Cells?

Answer 12

Type of B lymphocyte which is specifically designed to produce one type of antibody for a specific antigen

Question 13

What are Memory B lymphocytes?

Answer 13

Type of B lymphocyte responsible for immunity after an infection or vaccine. They can proliferate rapidly into plasma cells to produce the antibody upon second exposure.

Question 14

What is Clonal Selection?

Answer 14

Process of unactivated B lymphocyte binding to a pathogen with ‘new’ antigens, once the two are bound together, the unknown antigen is ‘selected’ for elimination

Question 15

What is Clonal Expansion?

Answer 15

Process of ‘selected’ antigen initiating cell division in the B lymphocyte, to produce clones of it with the same identical antigen-binding receptors.

Question 16

What are Antibodies?

Answer 16

Proteins which bind to specific and unique antigens

Question 17

What are antibodies also known as?

Answer 17

Immunoglobulins

Question 18

How do Antibodies assist with the destruction of Pathogens?

Answer 18

Remember PANIC
P - Precipitaation
A - Agglutination 
N - Neutralisation 
I - Inflammation
C - Complement

Question 19

What does the PRECIPITATION function of Antibodies involve?

Answer 19

Makes soluble antigens, insoluble

Question 20

What does the AGGLUTINATION function of Antibodies involve?

Answer 20

Link’s antigens together causing clumping, making them more identifiable

Question 21

What does the NEUTRALISATION function of Antibodies involve?

Answer 21

Binds to all of the antigens, causing the pathogen to become defective and more identifiable

Question 22

What does the INFLAMMATION function of Antibodies involve?

Answer 22

Triggers Mast Cells to release Histamine, increasing immune mobility

Question 23

What does the COMPLEMENT function of Antibodies involve?

Answer 23

Helps Complement proteins to interact with a cell, perforating it’s membrane causing it to lyse

Question 24

What are the 2 types of B lymphocytes?

Answer 24

1) Plasma Cells

2) Memory B Cell

Question 25

What are the 3 types of T lymphocytes?

Answer 25

1) Helper T cell
2) Cytotoxic T cell
3) Memory T cell

Question 26

What are Helper T Cells?

Answer 26

Type of T lymphocyte that activate other lymphocytes and Macrophages, along with promoting inflammation and stimulating antibody production in Plasma B Cells.

Question 27

What are Cytotoxic T Cells?

Answer 27

Type of T lymphocyte which recognise and kill foreign, infected or abnormal cells via toxic compounds which trigger Apoptosis.

Question 28

What are Memory T Cells?

Answer 28

Type of T lymphocyte that is produced after the others, which remain in the body to ‘remember’ specific antigens upon a second infection.

Question 29

What is the Primary Immune Response?

Answer 29

The initial exposure to the Antigen which initiates a response from lymphocytes, slowly creating memory cells.

Question 30

What is the Secondary Immune Response?

Answer 30

Occurs when the same antigen triggers a memory cell to proliferate into plasma cells to make specific antibodies rapidly.

Question 31

What is the Lymphatic System?

Answer 31

System of lymphatic vessels and organs that collect and return any fluid to the circulatory system, and play a vital role in the immune system by transporting immune cells.

Question 32

What are 3 roles of the lymphatic system?

Answer 32

1) Collect and return fluid back to the circulatory system
2) Provide a place of lymphocytes to mature
3) Provide a system of vessels for immune cells to travel through

Question 33

What is an example of a Primary Lymphoid Organ?

Answer 33

Bone Marrow or Thymus

Question 34

What is an example of a Secondary Lymphoid Organ?

Answer 34

Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Tonsils etc

Question 35

What is so important about the Lymph nodes?

Answer 35

They move the fluid in one direction, while filtering out any foreign particles, cellular waste toxins and pathogens

Question 36

What Immune cells are stationed in the Lymph Nodes?

Answer 36

Antigen- Presenting Cells APCs
Dendritic Cells (attached)
Macrophages (moving)

Question 37

What are Dendritic Cells?

Answer 37

They are major APCs which are located at al the entry points of pathogens. They capture and then engulf microbes via Phagocytosis, and present the fragments on MHC Class II Markers.