U3 AOS1 Flashcards
State
Refers to the central actor in global politics. States possess a permanent population, defined territory and recognised sovereignty. States are not necessarily culturally homogenous.
Nation
Refers to a group of people who claim common bond based on culture, language or history. Some nations have their own state (Japan) and some nations want their own states (Tibetans and Kurds)
Sovereignty
Legitimate or widely recognised ability to exercise effective control over a territory within defined borders. This is the primary organising principle of global politics, providing states with the authority to represent their terrtiorial entity in the international community. Sovereignty can be challenged both internally (secessionist groups) or externally (invasion).
Power
Refers to the ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor. Power can be exercised in a range of types and formats (hard/soft, diplomatic, political, cultural, military, economic)
Global governance
Refers to the institutions, rules, norms and legal arrangements that seeks to facilitate co-operation and manage relations between states. Governance is carried out by governmental organisations (UN) or non-governmental organisations (ICC)
Multilateralism
Refers to a system of co-ordinating relations between three or more states, usually in pursuit of objectives in specific areas.
Globalisation
Refers to the acceleration and intensification of the exchange of goods, services, labour and capital, which promote global interdependence. This has been facilitated by rapid changes in communication and technology.
Aims of the state
- maintain sov
- maintain nat security (mil/econ/resources/environ/borders)
- promo econ prosperity
- maintain intl standing
Roles of the state
- maintain an army
- rep pop in IGOs
- est/maintain dip rels w other st
- org trade agreements
Where does the state’s power come from?
rights associated w sov
dip power (rel w other st - allies + ability to convince other leaders)
econ power
cultural power (ability to influence electorate)
mil power
political power
Impact of the EU on Hungary’s sovereignty
dec EC over econ - Nov 2021 EU Parl freeze budget allocations to H bc violate rule of law → lose 5% GDP
dec EC over pol - Nov 2021 ECJ nullify H’s 2018 laws criminalising helping ref + restricting ability to gain asylum
dec legit - July 2021 Eur P urge EC to invoke A7 → EC gives H infringement notice due to Apr 2020 law X legally recog trans ppl + June 2021 law ban daytime coverage of gay ppl on TV
Lack of impact of the EU on Hungary’s sovereignty
- maintain EC bc X change policies
- maintain EC in EU bc dip rel w Pol → X fully invoke A7 → retain EU voting rights
Impact of the EU on UK’s sovereignty
- dec EC over policy bc 11mo transition period where still subject to EU law but lose rep in EU P
- dec EC over border bc NI protocol req EU checkpoint bw mainland + NI
- dec EC over econ bc product standard checks/fishing licenses = costly + EU animal product laws limited UK exports
- dec EC over policy bc access to EU trade = contingent on adherance w EU agenda (CC, workers rights etc)
Lack of impact of the EU on the UK’s sovereignty
before Brexit:
- EU fees = only 1.2% govt spending
- still retain EC over maj pol areas (NHS, edu, tax, defence)
- still retain EC over maj imm bc 50% migrants = from outside EU
- Master of Treaties → X part of SA or EZ → retain EC over borders/pop/econ/budgetary policy
Impact of contested/changing borders in Senkaku Islands on Japan + China’s sovereignty
- dec EC over resources bc Ch + J X able to exploit 200mil barrels of oil
- dec Ch’s EC over borders bc US fly B52 thru ADIZ
- dec Ch’s legit + challenge recog borders bc US reaffirm J’s sov 2013 + 2021
- dec J’s EC over resources bc Aug 2016 300 Ch fishboats + 15 CG ships prevent J fishermen from region
Lack of impact of contested/changing borders in Senkaku Islands on Japan + China’s sovereignty
Ch used mil power to assert sov:
- 2013 Ch est ADIZ (useless bc US fly B52 thru w/out consequence)
- Apr 2016 300 fishboats + 15 CG ships circle SI 1wk
- 2018/19 Ch CG enter contiguous zone for 60/64 days
- Nov 2020 Ch law allows CG to attack intruders in SI
- Apr 2021 CG sails thru SI
Japan used dip + mil power to assert sov:
- US reaffirm J’s sov 2013 + 2021 → fly B52 planes thru ADIZ
- est mil base on nearby island
Impact of climate change on state sovereignty
- dec EC over terr bc Fiji 2014 relocate capital
- dec EC over ppl bc late 2014 monsoon floods → displace 1mil ppl Ind+Pak
- dec EC over econ bc est nat disasters cost Aus $38bn/yr
+ diverts $ from nat interests e.g. 2019 WHO reports air pollutions costs LICs 5-20% GDP
Impact of resolution of climate change on sovereignty
Global attempts at resolution (e.g. PCA) have lim impact on sov bc non-binding + self-set NDCs BUT can reduce OR enhance sov
- UK inc 2030 target 57→68% (already more ambitious than 55%) = part of closest 6 st on track for PCA’s 2C goal → good for intl legit bc host COP26 as result
vs
- Sep 2022 a UN committee report Aus violated HR of TS Isl ppl b/c failure to act on CC
Aims of the UN
- keep peace throughout the world
- to dev friendly rel bw countries
- to work together to help ppl live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease, and illit in the world, to stop environ destruction and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms
- to be a centre for helping nations achieve these aims
Roles of the UN
- peacekeeping
- econ development (MDGs + SDGs)
- humanitarian assistance (W Food Program)
- publishing info (UN Human Dev Index)
- peace envoys/mediate negotiations
Principles of the UN Charter
- all member states must have sovereign equality
- the UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country
