Exam gaps Flashcards
Impact of the EU on Hungary’s sovereignty
- dec legit - July 2021 Eur P urge EC to invoke A7 → EC gives H infringement notice due to Apr 2020 law X legally recog trans ppl + June 2021 law ban daytime coverage of gay ppl on TV
- dec EC over econ - Nov 2021 EU Parl freeze budget allocations to H bc violate rule of law → lose 5% GDP
- dec EC over pol - Nov 2021 ECJ nullify H’s 2018 laws criminalising helping ref + restricting ability to gain asylum
Lack of impact of EU on Hungary’s sovereignty
- maintain EC bc X change policies
- maintain EC in EU bc dip rel w Pol → X fully invoke A7 → retain EU voting rights
Details of BRI
$1.5tr project
2600 proj in 100+ st
138st sign MOU since 2013
est to add 0.2-0.3% GDP growth + 6.3% gl trade
PMI networth vs Togo GDP vs Aus GDP
PMI = $143bn
Togo = $8.4bn
Aus = $1.5tr
China GDP
$17.7tr
SDG progress 2022
Out of 36/169 targets that have data
Overall:
3 on track/13 too slow/11 no prog/9 regressing
SSAfr:
only 1 on track/9 w prog
ICC key stats
44 indictments
11 investigations
23 cases
7 sentenced
Criticisms of ICC
- focus on Afr nations
‘a tool of Western imperialism’
SA Pres Zuma said Afr perception of ICC = “unreasonable” → AU summit Oct 2015 - ability to leave
2019 Phil leave b/c ICC investigate Duterte’s ‘war on drugs’
2016 Burundi leave
2017 SA try to leave but narrowly blocked - questions abt fair trial
Thomas Lubanga defence team claimed given smlr budget than ICC
Positives of ICC
supports healing process
Dominic Ongwen case - 2026 victims participated in trial
DRC case study
Lubanga (2012), Katanga (2014), Ntanganda (2019) convicted b/c DRC auth ICC investig of Ituri conflict
BUT Ntanganda cont to commit crimes 2006-13 “within sight of the UN’s 18,000 troops in the region”
Sudan case study
Omar al-Bashir visited 9 RS states after 1st arrest warrant in 2009 incl AU summit in SA 2015
Afghanistan case study
Mar 2020 ICC panel auth investig US/Af army crimes - US travel ban/asset freezes on ICC off
investig dropped after Pres Ghani prov ev of robust ind investig of 150 indiv
Kenya case study
Kenyatta indicted for WC 2011 but X arrested
elected Pres in 2013
Dec 2014 ICC drops case bc key witnesses failed to testify/deemed untrustworthy
UN aims
- keep peace throughout the world
- to dev friendly rel bw countries
- to work together to help ppl live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease, and illit in the world, to stop environ destruction and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms
- to be a centre for helping nations achieve these aims
IMF aims
- to promote intl monetary co-operation
- to make resources available to members exp balance of payment diff
- to facilitate the growth of intl trade → promo/maintain high levels of emp/real income = main focus of econ pol
- to promote exchange stability
- to assist in the est of multilat system of payments → elim foreign exchange restrictions
ICC aims
- ensure the worst perps are held accountable for their crimes
- serve as a court of last resort that can inv/prosecute/punish perps of MAC
- assist nat judiciaries to inv/prosecute worst perps of MAC, allowing st to inv/prosecute first
- help promo intl peace + security by deterring future would-be perps
UN roles
- peacekeeping
- econ development (MDGs + SDGs)
- humanitarian assistance (W Food Program)
- publishing info (UN Human Dev Index)
- peace envoys/mediate negotiations
IMF roles
- policy advice
- financial assistance
- capacity building
ICC roles
- inv alleged crimes
- assist nat judiciaries to inv + prosecute
- prosecute cases
- hold trails + issue decisions
- sentence those convicted
- hear + decide abt appeals
PMI vs Aus
2011 lawsuit vs Aus b/c claim pp law is violation of IP → want compensation
2012 High Court rule in st’s favour + req PMI cover Aus’s govt’s legal fees
PMI vs Togo
2013 PMI sent Togo memo: “as a country whose economy heavily relies on exports, Togo can ill afford to anger its international partners by introducing plain packaging.”
→ X pass pp laws
Effectivness of Australia’s realist response to PM
A/t ensured NS, bad for EP
pos:
- Nov 2012-13 irreg boat arrivals dec 90%
- 2013 20.5K ppl arrive by boat → 0 2021
neg:
- det centres cost $1bn
Effectiveness of Jordan’s cosmo response to PM
A/t J upholds #1 right of ref (principle of NF), eff ulti lim b/c other rights = inconsistent due to $ contraints
pos:
- accept 1.3mil ref
- 80% assim into comm
- Syr ref eq access to work permits/healthcare
neg:
- 2016 closed borders
- work permits/healthcare rights only extend to Syr ref (breach A3)
- Syr ref girls x3 more likely to be childbride in J than at home
- double-shift schools = disruptive for edu
1951 CRSR provisions
A1 - def of ref
A3 - X discrim b/w ref
A25 - access to legal assistanve
A31 - X punish ref for seeking asylum
A31.2 - st can detain ref when waiting for claim to be processed
A33 - principle of NF
A35 - st must co-op w/ UNHCR
A38 - punishment thru ICJ
2018 Global Compact for Refugees
- 176 states – the only country to vote against the Compact was the US
aims:
- dec pressures on host countries (e.g. through preferential trade agreements)
- enhance refugee self-reliance (access to labour markets in host countries)
- expand access to 3rd-st sols (RS)
- support conditions in countries of origin for return in safety and dignity.
established Global Refugee Forum (every four years)
Effectiveness of 2018 Global Compact for Refugees
Superficially acknowledged responsibility of HICs to help share burden of LDCs but insig impact on RS
Pos:
- Led to preferential trade deals b/w EU and Jordan + Ethiopia and Bangladesh
Neg:
- X concrete mechanism for burden sharing → insig impact of RS numbers
e.g. 2020 UNHCR report <1% of 20,000 in need were RS
- 2018 = 55,680 → 2019 = 63,726
Aus public opinion on CC
2019 only 1/3 Lib voters view CC as imp issue when voting + only 3% view it as #1 issue
o 40% conservative unwilling to incur any cost for CC action
o Only 26% prog + 5% conserve willing to incur sig cost
Cause of EI - geopol tensions
- Ch #1 commodity exports since 2015, #2 GDP behind US, #1 GDP PPP
- Nat Review (conservative Am think tank) pinpoints Ch’s “neo-colonial FP” + “LT goal of global hegemony” as part of “Ch’s growth strategy” which “reps a dir threat to the US”
→ to min damage of Ch’s inevitable rise, “tariffs are one piece of an emerging anti-Ch strategy”
Details of the ‘Great Divide’
- HICs made $36.4bn from debt repayments in 2020
- Namibia only have 6 Drs/10,000 ppl when COVID started
- 24 Aug 2022 63% gl pop x2 vax vs 21st <20% (mostly in Afr)
- 2022 GDP growth projected gl = 4.9% vs Afr = 3.8% + Central Am = 3%
- adv econ = only income grp expected to return to pre-pandemic trends by 2022
- WB report debt burden of 70+ LICs inc by record 12% in 2020 = inc vulnerability for future crisis
- 2021 income/person inc 5% in HDCs vs 0.5% in LDCs
- Econ stim measures in response to COVID = 25% of gl GDP but LICs only 1-2% GDP
- 43 st spend more on debt repayments than healthcare
Challenge to resolution of EI - existing inequalities
- Namibia only had 6 Drs/10,000 ppl when pandemic started
- 1/2 LDCs near/at debt distress when pandemic started
Cause of EI - health crisis
- restrictions apply to 93% workers
- 8.8% work hrs lost
- gl econ growth dec 3.4-7.6%
- Jan 2022 IMF report cost to gl econ = $12.5tr thru 2024
- huge econ growth loss in major econs e.g. Ch lost $650bn + Ind lost $950bn + EU lost $2tr
Evaluate effectiveness of IMF’s response to COVID
A/t cushioned immediate impact to gl econ, X sufficient to address underlying causes + ineq → exacerbate LT vulnerability esp for LDCs
pos:
- add $650bn to SDR = “important lifeline” (Martin Muhleisen - former IMF dir)
- 87/100+ programs financed 2020 X cond
- call for G20 debt relief → Debt Suspension Initiative → impact 73 st + suspend $10.3bn debt + cancel $300mil
neg:
- HICs still made $36bn from debt repayments 2020
- Oxfam report 13/15 programs refinanced 2021 added austerity cond e.g. Kenya
- stim spending inc gl 25% GDP but LDCs barely muster 1-2% GDP
→ WB report debt of 70+ LDCs inc record 12% in 2020
→ adv econ only expec to return to pre-pandemic lvls in 2022 (LDCs delayed until 2023/24)
CIs
2019 530 CIs across 6 continents
→ 100mil non-Ch learning Mandarin
Impact: none + possibly negative bc SOFT POWER DEFICIT
2019 Aus launch investigation in CIs = poss violation of anti-foreign interference laws
→ NSW end all CIs + similar cases in US, UK, Fr + Den
2019 HR Watch Report condemn Ch for censoring pol topics (Tibet + Taiwan) + hiring based on party loyalty
2015 50% Aus prefer econ ties w Ch → 2021 31%
Key individuals for interpretations of NIs
EP - Li Keqiang
RR - Zhao Lingman
China’s use of mil in the SCS
fully mil x3 artificial islands
Mar 2021 cabbage strategy on Whitsun Reef
reclaimed 3000+ acres since Dec 2014
CC impact on Aus’s sov
Sep 2022 UNHRC report says Aus should compensate Torres Strait Isl for failing to act on CC
UK’s 2030 target
57→68% = part of closest 6 st on track for PCA’s 2C goal
China’s priv vs pub sector
- priv sector responsible for 60% GDP + 70% tech innovation
Inefficiency of SOEs:
- 50% corp debt but 22% GDP
Taiwanese national identity
67% identify as T not Ch
PLA presence in Xinjiang
1 PLA for every 20 Xinjiang res
US response to COVIF
$5.4 stimulus incl $1.8tr ARA in Mar 2021
mostly bailouts, unemp benefits + cash handouts (e.g. $600 to every adults in Dec 2020)
US Fed Reserve Bank dec IR to 0-0.25% + inc lending
