(U)- Testicular Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Where do testicular cancers arise from?

A

Germ cells in the testes

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2
Q

What age range is most commonly affected by testicular cancer?

A

15-35 years old

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3
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A

Undescended testes

Male infertility

Family history

Increased height

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4
Q

What is the presentation of testicular cancer?

A

Painless lump

Occasionally can have testicular pain

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5
Q

What is a rare presentation of testicular cancer?

A

Gynaecomastia

Particularly in leydig cell tumours

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6
Q

How common is it for a patient presenting with gynaecomastia to have a testicular tumour?

A

2%

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7
Q

What is the initial investigation in testicular cancer?

A

Scrotal ultrasound

Staging CT used to look for spread and to stage

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8
Q

What tumour markers are raised in testicular cancer?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein
Raised in teratomas, not in pure seminomas

Beta-hCG
Teratomas + seminomas

LDH
Very non-specific tumour marker

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9
Q

What staging system is used for testicular cancer?

A

Royal Marsden Staging System

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10
Q

What are the most common places for testicular cancer to metastasise to?

A

Lymphatics

Lungs

Liver

Brain

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11
Q

How is testicular cancer managed?

A

Surgery
-Radical orchidectomy, prosthesis can be inserted

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

Sperm banking
-Treatment may cause infertility, saves sperm for future use

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12
Q

Why are long-term side effects of testicular cancer treatment so significant?

A

Most patients are young, so effects of treatment affect the patient for many years

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13
Q

What are the side effects of testicular cancer treatment?

A

Infertility

Hypogonadism

Peripheral neuropathy

Hearing loss

Lasting kidney, liver or heart damage

Increased cancer risk

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14
Q

What is the prognosis of testicular cancer?

A

90% cure rate

Seminomas have a slightly better prognosis than non-seminomas

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15
Q

When patients are monitored after treatment of testicular cancer what is involved?

A

Tumour markers

CT scans

CXRs

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