Typical Systems Development

Question 1

Cardiorespiratory - Heart

Answer 1

first heartbeat - 2.5 weeks gestation
cardiac tube folds onto itself - 3.5 weeks gestation. Very important otherwise circulation not achieved
fetal circulation - bypasses the lungs via
- foramen ovale
- ductus arteriosus
during birth, the pressure changes force these features closed

Question 2

Cardiorespiratory Heart - Complications

Answer 2

Utero - structural issues, typically not fixable. Result in fetal loss
Birth - may have valve closure issues, result in surgery

Question 3

Cardiorespiratory - Lungs

Answer 3

trachea 1/3 of adult diameter = increased air resistance
only 150 mill alveoli
air blood barrier develops by 19 weeks
ribs are horizontal - don’t have bucket handle mechanism or intercostals for breathing mechanics = rely on their diaphragm
collateral ventilation channels not developed
higher chest wall compliance
reduced no of slow twitch fibres respiratory muscles = muscles fatigue more easily

Question 4

Cardiorespiratory - Lungs Complications

Answer 4

if premature <22 weeks - result in fetal loss, lungs not developed enough
If between 23-36 - placed in NICU as indicated, allow for continued lung development

Question 5

Musculoskeletal System

Answer 5

altered structure - allows them to curl up in the womb
increased DF ROM
varus bowed tibia and femur
femoral anteversion and antetorsion allows for increased ER ROM
spine C shaped
born with flexion contracture - normal
- allows them to move against gravity more easily in supine

Question 6

Musculoskeletal System - Complications

Answer 6

plagiocephaly
abnormal foot posture
altered ROM
development hip dysplasia

Question 7

Neurological System

Answer 7

neurulation 3-4 weeks 
ventral induction 5-6 weeks
neuronal proliferation 8-16 weeks 
neuronal migration 12-20 weeks 
neuronal organisation 24 weeks - 2 yrs 
Myelination 23 weeks - adult

Question 8

Neurological System - Complications

Answer 8

Structural

• neural tube issues = spina bifida
• brain folding issues = lissencephaly
• agenesis of corpus collosum

Traumatic
Stroke/bleed in untero - cerebral palsy

Teterogenic - FAS

Genetic issues which can be spontaneous or inherited

Question 9

Balance

Answer 9

is an activity
made up of static balance = stability
dynamic balance = mobility

Question 10

Postural Control

Answer 10

process which enables us to balance

• requires multiple systems
• required integration of input from these systems
• develops over time
• requires anticipatory mechanisms and internal representations
• enables you to maintain and move within postures

Question 11

Primitive Reflexes

Answer 11

should be resolved by 4 mths

• involuntary movements, meant to help infant perform functions necessary for life before they have motor control required to do these voluntarily
• if not present when <4 mths = neurological issues
• if still present >4 mths = neurological issues
• rooting/sucking
• palmar/plantar group
• positive support response
• stepping reflex
• ATNR
• STNR
• tonic labyrinthine reflex

Question 12

Primitive Reflex - definition

Answer 12

involuntary, uncontrolled movement, initially used for survival

Question 13

Postural Response - definition

Answer 13

automatic, controlled movement,

Question 14

Postural Responses - examples

Answer 14

ERs, head righting, counterbalance, protective extension, parachute response, Landeau response