Typical Development and Grounded Cognition Flashcards
why do children have temporary decreased flexibility during growth spurts
bone growth outpaces changes in muscle length
where are children/adolescents more susceptive to injury
epiphysis and apophysis
T or F: we are born with typical spinal curves
F: they develop over time as infants gain control and experience in different positions
order spinal curvatures as they develop
cervical lordosis >
thoracic kyphosis >
lumbar lordosis
what happens to the acetabulum when children start to weight bear and walk
it rotates to the forward inclination position and cups around the femoral head
what happens to the acetabulum if there is limited WB
it stays in a more vertical position which makes dislocations more common
what happens at the femur to WB (2)
femoral angle of inclination decreases (better hip abduction)
femur becomes less anteverted
what happens at the ttibia with WB
it goes from initial internal torsion to external torsion
the femur tibia are in genu ____ at birth and then have max genu ____ at 3 years before decreasing to adult values
varus
valgum
T or F: the calcaneus and forefoot are initially in valgum
F: varus
forefoot varus may persist until __ years
2
after birth, growth in muscles is mainly due to…
increase in size of fibers
do children <15 years have more slow twitch or fast twitch fibers
slow - needed for postural control
what is disturbed if muscle does not add enough sarcomeres to keep up with skeletal growth
length- tension curve
linear increase in strength accelerates for ___ after puberty. why
males - hormones and differences in physical activity
is the greatest difference in strength between males and females in upper or lower body
upper
T or F: you can create new neurons after birth
F: but you can build more connections
as you get older BP ______. why
increases because arteries get thicker
as you get older HR and RR ________
decreases
physiological flexion (position at each joint?)
shoulder:adduction
elbow: flex
hand:flex, pronation
spine:flex c-curve
hip:flexion, abduction, ER
knee: flex
ankle: DF
newborn - 1mth how is head control
lack head control and head is to one side
what happens when you bring a baby less than 1 month into extension
they spring back like a rubberband into flexion
abasia - what is it? what age?
no longer having stepping response - 2 months
typically, what age do movements become smooth and symmetrical
3 months
what age does physiological flexion disappear
3 months
typically, what age can babies maintain head in midline
3 months
typical results pull to sit test at 1, 2, 3 months
1 = near full head lag
2 = partial head lag
3 = minimal head lag
when do babies typically begin reaching
3 months
astasia
loss of LE WB (stepping)
- this is normal
- happens at about 3 months
when do babies typically start to WB through UEs in prone
3 months
describe supported sitting for a baby 0-1 mths
c-curve, head down, head bob
describe supported sitting for a baby 2 mths
still rounded spine, head up, poor control
describe supported sitting for a baby 3 mths
thoracic extension, head control
at 4 mths, COG is now in
LE
at first, rolling starts with the…
head
when do babies typically start rolling? what type of roll is it?
4 months
log roll
when do babies typically start segmental rolling
6 months
at 4 months, babies can usually rest comfortable in prone on______
elbows
at six months, babies can usually rest comfortably in prone on_____
hands
at 4 months, LE are ______ in standing
still
babies typically start propped sitting at ______ months
5, usually does not tolerate long b/c it is not beneficial for play
when do babies typically start pulling to sit and sitting hands free
6 months
what age is full head control typically achieved
4 months
what age do babies typically start pulling set to sit
6 months
amount of support needed in standing at 4, 5, and 6 months
4 = proximal support
5 = trunk support
6 = hands held only
crawling on all fours is called?
creeping
what direction of postural control occurs last?
posterior
what age do babies typically start crawling, pushing into quadriped, playing in sitting, and moving from seated to prone
7 months
progression of standing 7,8,9 months
7 = pull to stand with all UE and stand with B UE support
8 = easily stands with 1 hand held
9 = pulls to stand with 1/2 kneel, stands at surface
typically what age do babies start cruising sideways and walking with 2 hands held
9 months
when do babies typically start to climb up on sofas and surfaces
10 months
what age do babies typically achieve independent pull to stand?
10 months
*can also lower self to floor
typically, babies may begin creeping at what age
8-9 months
when do babies typically take first independent steps?
12-15 months
when do babies typically start to use LE more than UE to pull to stand
10-11 months
what age can babies typically stand independently
11 months
at 5 months, typically babies have a strong core. what are 2 signs of this?
1) pivot prone (swimming)
2) bring hands to feet/mouth
when do babies typically start transferring objects from hand to hand
6 months
pincer grasp typically develops at _____ months and precision grasp at ______ months
10-11
15
when do babies typically begin voluntarily releasing objects
11 months
when are babies typically able to begin using graded pressure when holding objects
12 months
describe progression of ascending/descending steps for babies
13-14 months = creeps up and down stairs on hands and knees
15-16 months = ascend/descend stairs with one hand
24 months = ascend/descend independently
when can babies typically squat down to the floor and return to standing
13-14 months
when are babies typically able to jump with both feet off the ground and kick a ball
24 months
when do babies typically develop a more mature walking pattern
36 months
when are babies typically able to stand on one foot for 1-3 sec, catch a ball with arms extended, and pedal a tricycle
36 months
what are some gross motor tasks typically developing 4-5 year old kids should be able to do
- hops consecutively on one foot
- SLS for 10 sec
- skip
- walk on balance beam
- catch ball with elbows flexed
- overhand throw
- jump forward 2-3 feet
what are some gross motor tasks typically developing 6-7 year old kids should be able to do
- sit-ups
- kick a rolling ball by running
- jump up to 10 inches
- jumping jacks
*think PE class
the concept of grounded cognition is based on which theoretical framework
dynamic systems theory
3 principles of dynamic systems theory
1) complexity
2) continuity in time
3) dynamic stability
T or F: dynamic systems theory is a combination of nature and nurture
T
why does the stepping reflex seem to disappear as the baby gets older
mass of the body likely suppresses it, this is why it reappears when they are placed in water
what is cognition
the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge
why is grounded cognition at risk in children with developmental delays
it limits the child’s ability to explore and gain information about their body, people, and environment
