Down Syndrome and Intellectual Disability Flashcards
Intellectual disability, down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and developmental coordination disorder are all included within ____________ disorders
neurodevelopmental
criteri for intellectual disability
-IQ of at least 2 SD below mean (< 65-75)
-deficits in adaptive functioning (communication, social, functional skills)
*both have to be measured on standardized, appropriate tests and deficits must be present in childhood/adolescence
is intellectual disability more common in males or females
males
is mild, moderate, or severe intellectual disability most common
mild (then mod, then severe)
typical neuromotor deficits with intellectual disabilities
- motor control
- coordination
- postural control and balance
- force production
- flexibility
typical learning deficits in intellectual disabilities
- impaired ability to use advanced cognitive processes, manage multiple demands, and organize info
- memory deficits
- limited generalization
- poor motivation
it is best to observe a child in their ______ environment
natural
difficulty monitoring intensity of input and modulating response and/or reduced perception of stimuli can lead to…
self-stim behaviors
T or F: child with intellectual disabilities often have poor short-term memory and are easily distractible
T
*use simple cues and feedback, visual aids, repeat directions, demonstrate
should you give concrete or abstract directions to children with intellectual disabilities
concrete
best task transfer will occur with…
- meaningful tasks
- similarity of initial and transfer tasks and/or environments
down syndrome is caused by
trisomy 21
what is the most common chromosomal abnormality and birth defect
down syndrome
what are 2 risk factors of down syndrome
1 - maternal advanced age
2 - paternal spermatogenesis error
T or F: children with down syndrome have smaller brain size, fewer sulci, and fewer small neurons
T
what may happen to the myelin in those with down syndrome
- there is a lack of myelination and/or delay in completion of myelination
- this contributes to developmental delay
T or F: people with down syndrome may have a seizure disorder
T
what are some visual deficits in down syndrome
- cataracts
- myopia (50%)
- farsightedness (20%)
- strabismus
- nystagmus
what are some auditory deficits in down syndrome
- mild-mod hearing loss (60-80%)
- frequent otitis media
- this contributes to speech impairments
T or F: pts with down syndrome may also have congenital heart defects
T: 40%
children with down syndrome get frequent _______ infections
respiratory
- also other infections - immunodeficiency
what is a major contributor to developmental motor delay in down syndrome
hypotonia
besides hypotonia, what are other MSK deficits in down syndrome
- joint laxity
- pes planus
- hip subluxation
- patellar instability
- scoliosis
- decreased muscle strength
- growth deficits (short stature, small hands/feet)
what are signs of atlantoaxial subluxation/dislocation (odontoid lig) in children with down syndrome
gait changes, urinary retention, won’t move neck, increased DTRs
- they have radiographs throughout life to check this
what may you observe while looking at postural control in someone with down syndrome
- compensatory strategies (w-sitting)
- delayed independent walking
- persistent wide BOS
- slow reaction time
typical age of independent walking with down syndrome
2 years
how may an infant with down syndrome present
- temperament may be placid (easy baby)
- delayed milestones
- feeding probs
- cardiac dysfunction
why may infants with DS have trouble feeding
- small mouth
- protruding tongue
- high palate
- low muscle tone
what are signs of deoxygenation in infants
- pallid skin
- lethargy
- blue lips and nail beds
- sweating
T or F: adults with DS experience age-related changes starting earlier
T
____% of children with DS become overweight
25
