Type 2 diabetes Flashcards
What causes type II diabetes?
A mixture of genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors
When does T2DM usually occur?
In middle or old age
What are some environmental factors that can cause T2DM?
- Obesity
- Age
- Pregnancy
- Calorie-dense diet
- Sedentary lifestyle
If someone has 1 parent with T2DM, what is their lifetime risk?
40%
If someone has 2 parents with T2DM, what is their lifetime risk?
80%
Describe the pathophysiology of T2DM in obesity
- Obesity increases adiposity
- Exceeds the fat store threshold, increasing FFA and adipokines
- Causes insulin resistance in liver and muscle
- Genetics causes vulnerable ß-cells
- ß-cells try to keep up with demand, increasing insulin levels
- ß-cells fail and stop producing insulin
How is T2DM a spectrum of disease?
It can range from predominant ß-cell deficiency to predominant insulin resistance
Why are those of Asian descent more at risk of T2DM?
Those of Asian descent have a lower threshold for fat storage
How does T2DM cause symptoms?
Through hyperglycaemia
What are some symptoms of T2DM?
- Polyuria
- Enuresis in children (Bedwetting)
- Thirst
- Polydipsia (Drinking lots of water)
- Blurred vision (High blood glucose causes lense shrinking)
- Genital thrush
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
What are the stages of T2DM management?
- Diagnosis
- Therapeutic lifestyle change
- Mono-therapy
- Combination therapy
- Insulin + Combination therapy
What are the aims of treatment in T2DM?
Treat symptoms
Prevent complications
What is some dietary advice given to those with diabetes?
- Normal intake of unrefined carbohydrate foods
- Reduced refined sugar intake
- Reduce fat intake
- Increase fruit and vegetable intake
- Reduce salt intake
- Safe and sensible alcohol consumption
What is the HbA1c target for T2DM management?
<53mmol/mol (7%)
What are the 3 categories of pharmacological diabetes management?
Insulin secretagogues
Insulin sensitisers
Others
