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Endocrinology > Male reproduction > Flashcards

Male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is released from the testes?

A

Testosterone

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2
Q

How does testosterone affect hormone release from the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

It inhibits hormone production

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3
Q

Describe the release of GnRH in males?

A

GnRH is released from GnRH neurones in the hypothalamus
In males GnRH levels are quite constant and aren’t controlled by pulsatility

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4
Q

Where do the gonads develop in males?

A

Posterior abdominal wall before descending into the scrotum

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5
Q

What structure guides the gonads through the layers of the abdominal wall?

A

Gubernaculum

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6
Q

What structure does the gubernaculum form after decent in males?

A

Testicular ligament (Spermatic cord)

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7
Q

What structure passes alongside the gonads to reduce friction?

A

Vaginal process (Processus vaginalis)

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8
Q

What structure is formed by the gubernaculum after decent in females?

A

Round ligament of the uterus

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9
Q

What structure is formed by the movement of the sub-cutaneous tissue from the abdominal cavity upon testicular descent?

A

Dartos muscle

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10
Q

What structure is formed by the movement of the external oblique muscle from the abdominal cavity upon testicular descent?

A

External spermatic fascia

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11
Q

What structure is formed by the movement of the internal oblique from the abdominal cavity upon testicular descent?

A

Cremaster muscle

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12
Q

What structure is formed by the movement of the fascia of the deep muscle from the abdominal cavity upon testicular descent?

A

Cremasteric fascia

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13
Q

What structure is formed by the movement of the peritoneum from the abdominal cavity upon testicular descent?

A

Vestige of vaginal process

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14
Q

What is the function of the dartos muscle?

A

This contracts to wrinkle the skin of the scrotum to decrease heat loss, functioning in temperature regulation

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15
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Contracts to raise the test closer to the body to decrease heat loss, functioning in temperature regulation

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16
Q

What are the main structures within the teste?

A
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Rete testis
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
17
Q

Describe the movement of sperm in the testes

A

Produced in the seminiferous tubules
Collected by the rete testis
Passes into the epididymis which becomes the vas deferens
Passes through the spermatic cord, past the seminal and prostatic glands, before moving through the penis as the urethra

18
Q

What are the 2 regions of the seminiferous region?

A

Extra-tubular compartment (Interstitial and intravascular compartment)
Intra-tubular compartment (Basal and adluminal compartment)

19
Q

What is the function of the blood testes barrier?

A

This separates mature sperm from immature and immune cells

20
Q

Why is the blood-testes barrier needed?

A

Mature sperm from the immature cells

This is because stem cells that form sperm cells are only produced after birth, so there is no foetal sensitisation by the immune system

The blood-testes barrier therefore prevents immune destruction of the spermatogenic stem cells

21
Q

What is contained within the intra-tubular compartment of the seminiferous region?

A

Germ cells

22
Q

What cells form the blood-testes barrier?

A

Tight junctions between sertoli cells

23
Q

What structure in the testes requires lower temperature?

A

Sertoli cells

24
Q

How does the blood-testes barrier allow structures in and out between the blood and testes?

A

The blood testes barrier can form and reform allowing required cells through (Potential target for male contraceptive)

25
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

70 days

26
Q

How many spermatozoa are produced every heartbeat?

A

Around 1,000

27
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

During puberty

28
Q

What cells in the testes produce testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

29
Q

What hormone stimulates testosterone release from Leydig cells?

A

LH

30
Q

What hormones stimulate spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone
FSH

31
Q

What are some of the functions of testosterone?

A
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Enlargement of the male sex organs
  • Secondary sexual characteristics
  • Anabolism
  • Maintaining integrity of blood-testicular barrier
  • Release of mature sperm from sertoli cells by influencing peritubular myoid cells
  • Decreased release of GnRH and LH
32
Q

How do sertoli cells affect hormone release?

A

Sertoli cells secrete androgen binding globulin (ABG) and inhibin

Inhibin decreases the release of LH and FSH

33
Q

What are some factors that regulate a sperms ability to enter the cervical mucus?

A
  • Thickness of mucus (Hydration of cervical mucus under hormonal control)
  • Motility of sperm
  • Interaction with reactive oxygen species (Produced by leukocytes that have infiltrated the cervical mucus)
  • Interaction with mucins
34
Q
A

Endocrinology (42 decks)

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