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Endocrinology > Anatomy of the pituitary gland > Flashcards

Anatomy of the pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

In what region of the brain are the thalamus and hypothalamus found?

A

Diencephalon

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2
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

This forms the core of the cerebrum with connections to both the right and left cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

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3
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum (Pituitary stalk)

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4
Q

Describe the location of the pituitary gland on the cranial vault floor

A

It is found in the sella turcica, within the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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5
Q

What are the 2 main lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

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6
Q

What is the other name given to the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Adenohypophysis

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7
Q

What is the other name given to the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Neurohypophysis

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Pars distalis
  • Pars tuberalis
  • Pars intermedia
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9
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

This is responsible for synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones, including growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH and PRL

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10
Q

What is the main region of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Pars nervosa

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11
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

This is an extension of the brain and releases ADH and oxytocin, which are synthesised in the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What are the 2 regions of the retina?

A

Temporal retina
Nasal retina

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13
Q

What are the 2 regions of the visual field?

A

Left and right

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14
Q

Where will light from the left visual field hit?

A

Left nasal retina
Right temporal retina

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15
Q

Where will light from the right visual field hit?

A

Right nasal retina
Left temporal retina

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16
Q

What is the name of cross over between the optic nerves?

A

Optic chiasm

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17
Q

Where will signals from the left nasal and right temporal retina travel?

A

To the right side of the brain

18
Q

Where will signals from the right nasal and left temporal retina travel?

A

To the left side of the brain

19
Q

Describe the route of the nerves from the eye to the brain

A

2 x Optic nerves =>
1 x Optic chiasm =>
2 x Optic tracts =>
4 x Geniculocalcarine tracts (Optic radiations)
Visual cortex of the occipital lobe

20
Q

How can pituitary gland tumours affect the visual pathway?

A

They can cause bitemoral hemianopia, in which only one half of the visual field can be seen

21
Q

Where on the optic pathway do pituitary gland tumours affect in bitemporal hemianopia?

A

In the case of bitemporal hemianopia, the lesion will occur not in the optic nerve, as light is still being seen, but in the optic chiasm, where the crossing over of the visual field is seen

22
Q

What are the two forms of access to the pituitary gland for surgery?

A
  • Trans-cranial access
  • Trans-sphenoidal access
23
Q

How is trans-cranial access to the pituitary gland gained?

A

Trans-cranial access is gained sub-frontally, in which access is made just under the frontal lobe of the brain, above the orbital fossa

24
Q

How is trans-cranial access to the pituitary gland gained?

A

Trans-sphenoidal access is gained up through the nose and through the sphenoidal sinus

25
Q

What are some structures at risk during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Optic chiasm
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve
Cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
Dura mater

26
Q

What will occur if the optic chiasma is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

27
Q

What will occur if the oculomotor nerve is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Several eye movement deficits
Dilated pupils

28
Q

What will occur if the Trochlear nerve is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Difficulty looking inferiorly and laterally

29
Q

What will occur if the trigeminal nerve is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Parasthesia of the face
Difficulty masticating

30
Q

What will occur if the abducens nerve is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Difficulty abducting the eye

31
Q

What will occur if the cavernous sinus is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Venous haemorrhage

32
Q

What will occur if the internal carotid artery is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Catastrophic haemorrhage

33
Q

What will occur if the dura mater is damaged during pituitary gland surgery?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid leak

34
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding nasal cavities

35
Q

What are some examples of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Frontal sinuses - Frontal bone
  • Maxillary sinuses - Maxillae
  • Ethmoidal air cells - Sphenoid bone
  • Sphenoid sinuses - Sphenoid bone
36
Q

What surrounds the inside of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucus-secreting respiratory mucosa

37
Q

What are some functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Secretion of mucus, which drains into nasal cavities through the ostia (Bony drainage holes)
  • Reduce weight of skull
  • Add resonance to voice
38
Q

What structure lines the entire floor of the cranial vault?

A

Dura mater

39
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

The tentorium cerebelli is a tough sheet of dura mater tenting over the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa, but which a centra gap to permit the brainstem to pass through

40
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

The diaphragma sellae is a tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof (Diaphragm) over the pituitary fossa

41
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

These are venous channels within the dura mater that drain most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (Including the brain) into the internal jugular veins at the jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

42
Q

What dural venous sinuses surround the pituitary gland?

A

Left and right cavernous sinuses
Anterior and posterior inter cavernous sinuses

Endocrinology (42 decks)

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