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Y3 Endocrinology Conditions > Type 1 Diabetes > Flashcards

Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Normal glucose levels

A

4.4 - 6.1

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2
Q

Insulting reduces blood glucose by transporting it to which two organs

A

Muscle/liver —> glycogen storage

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3
Q

What cells in the pancreatic isle of Langerhans produce insulin

A

B cells

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4
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels

A
  • glycogen breakdown
  • inhibit glycogen synthesis
  • gluconeogenesis
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5
Q

What cells in pacnreatic IoL produce glucagon

A

Alpha cells

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6
Q

Cause of gestational diabetes

A

Hormonal interference

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7
Q

Type of diabetes that is drug-induced

A

Drug resistant

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8
Q

Type of hypersensitivity in type 1 diabetes

A

Type 4 (T cells attacking IoL B cells)

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9
Q

When is diagnosis for T1DM made

A

Early age

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10
Q

Two genes on chromosome 6 associated with T1DM

A
  • HLA DR3

- HLA DR4

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11
Q

Presentation of T1DM

A
  • weight loss
  • polydipsia
  • glucosria
  • polyuria
  • polyphagia
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12
Q

Explain the polyuria in T1DM

A

Glucosuria —> ++ osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Hrs of fasting before a fasting blood glucose test

A

8

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14
Q

Prediabetic blood levels in fasting blood glucose

A

100-125 mg/dl

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15
Q

Diabetic blood levels in fasting blood glucose

A

> 126 mg/dl

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16
Q

Diabetic blood glucose in random glucose blood test

A

> 200

17
Q

Definition of HbA1C

A

Glycated Hb in RBCs

18
Q

HbA1C in pre-diabetics

A

5.7-6.4%

19
Q

HbA1C in diabetics

A

> 6.5%

20
Q

Source of C-peptide

A

By product of insulin production

21
Q

When does ketogenesis take place

A

Insufficient glucose/glycogen

22
Q

Where does ketogenesis take place

A

Liver (fatty acids —> ketones)

23
Q

Is BBB permeable to ketones

A

Yes

24
Q

When does DKA happen

A

Hyperglycaemic ketosis —> metabolic acidosis

25
Q

How is DKA compensated for initially

A

Renal compensation, bircarbs used up over time

26
Q

Explain the dehydration in DKA

A

Hyperglycaemia —> glycouria —> +osmotic pressure —> osmotic diuresis —> polyuria —> polydipsia

27
Q

Which pump stops working in the absence of insulin in T1DM which leads to potassium imbalance in the body

A

Na/K pump

28
Q

What might compensate for [K] initially

A

Kidneys

29
Q

DKA symptoms (all together)

A
  • hyperglycaemia (diagnosis)
  • dehydration (diagnosis)
  • ketosis (diagnosis)
  • metabolic acidosis (diagnosis)
  • K imbalance
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • N/V
  • acetone smell
  • dehydration
  • altered consciouesness
30
Q

Tx DKA (FIG PICK)

A
  • fluids
  • insulin infusion
  • glucose
  • potassium
  • infection
  • chart
  • ketones
31
Q

Maximum dose of K to be given at once

A

> 10 mmol/hr

32
Q

Tx options for T1DM hypoglycaemia

A
  • IV dextrose

- IM glucagon

33
Q

Microvascular complications due to hyperglycaemia

A
  • CAD
  • peripheral ischaemia
  • stroke
  • hptn
34
Q

Microvascular complications due to hyperglycaemia

A
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • retinopathy
  • nephropathy
35
Q

Infection-related complications due to hyperglycaemia

A
  • UTI
  • pneumonia
  • fungal
36
Q

DKA clinical triad

A
  • CBG>11mol/L
  • capillary ketones >3mmol/L or ketonuria >3+
  • venous pH <7.3 or venous bicarbonate <15mmol/L

Y3 Endocrinology Conditions (10 decks)

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