Type 1 and Type 2 Patho

Question 1

what do Type 1 and 2 include?

Answer 1

some type of insulin deficiency (absolute or relative)

Question 2

step 1: insulin deficiency –> …

Answer 2

1) impaired glucose utilization and hepatic glucogenesis
2) hyperglycemia (11-67 mmol/L)
3) renal threshold of glucose exceeded
4) glucosuria
5) increased OP in filtrate
6) fluid enters filtrate
7) polyuria
8) dehydration
9) polydipsia

Question 3

step 2: glucose filtration

Answer 3

-usually filtered in glomerulus of kidney, but excess glucose is filtered out into the urine, which increases the osmotic pressure of
the filtrate
-causes more fluid to be pulled in, increasing the volume of filtrate (polyuria)

Question 4

is there usually glucose in urine?

Answer 4

no, all of it should be reabsorbed

Question 5

where does the problem lie with excess glucose?

Answer 5

there’s only so many glucose carriers, so if the amount exceeds these carriers, it must be excreted

Question 6

example of carriers

Answer 6

if there are 50 carriers, and 50 glucose molecules, all the glucose will be reabsorbed. But if there are 70 glucose molecules then 20 will have to be excreted (the renal threshold is exceeded)

Question 7

step 3: impaired glucose utilization by cells –> …

Answer 7

1) increased mobilization and use of proteins and lipids as fuel source
2) increased lipid and protein metabolites in blood (ketones)
3) accumulation of ketones (aka ketone bodies)
4) filtered by the glomerulus and enter the urine
5) ketonuria
6) enhances polyuria

Question 8

where are ketones produced?

Answer 8

liver (from breaking down fatty acids)

Question 9

what does the accumulation of ketones do?

Answer 9

decreases pH –> ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis because ketones are fixed acids) –> can lead to coma and death