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Biology - Diabetes Mellitus > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

diabetes mellitus is…

A

the most common endocrine disease

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2
Q

what type of disease is DM?

A

complex, metabolic disease

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3
Q

what metabolism is affected?

A

proteins, lipids, CHO

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4
Q

what cells produce insulin? what cells produce glucagon?

A

beta cells in Islets of Langerhans in pancreas produce insulin; alpha cells produce glucagon

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5
Q

what happens with insulin in DM?

A
  • hypoactivity (qualitative or quantitative)
  • secretion of insulin is defective
  • affects glucose homeostasis
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6
Q

absolute deficiency

A

absent insulin or a very little amount

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7
Q

relative deficiency

A

insulin is present, but is not effective

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8
Q

what does DM impact?

A

cardiac, renal, ocular, nervous system

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9
Q

will complications develop?

A

yes, will be acute, but can be delayed if you control the symptoms

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10
Q

is DM life-threatening?

A

if its not controlled

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11
Q

Type 1 DM

A
  • 10%
  • absolute insulin deficiency
  • beta cells are absent or are damaged by autoimmunity
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12
Q

Type 1A

A
  • 90-95%
  • immune-mediated
  • autoimmune destruction of beta cells
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13
Q

Type 1B

A
  • 5-10%
  • not autoimmune
  • idiopathic destruction of beta cells
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14
Q

Type 2 DM

A
  • 90%
  • less severe; beta cells can still prod. insulin
  • receptors do not respond to insulin
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15
Q

LADA

A
  • latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult

- type 1 diabetes developing gradually and appearing later in life

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16
Q

MODY

A
  • maturity onset of diabetes in the young

- type 2 diabetes developing in early life due to poor lifestyle

17
Q

gestational diabetes

A

hyperglycemia during pregnancy, but normoglycemic postpartum

18
Q

drug-induced diabetes

A

ex. steroids

19
Q

what is the etiology of both types?

A

complex trait; polygenic - requiring multiple defective genes, and environmental factors such as viral infection

20
Q

Type 1 etiology: which chromosome are the MHC genes on?

A

chromosome 6 (40% have defective MHC genes)

21
Q

Type 1 etiology: what do the MHC genes do?

A

code for proteins that sit on the surface of cells to show them pathogens (so that defense cells can recognize the pathogens)

22
Q

Type 1 etiology: what is MHC?

A

major histocompatibility complex –> the cell surface proteins used in the acquired (non-innate) immune system to recognize foreign molecules

23
Q

Type 1 etiology: MHC binds to _____ and does what on the cell surface for recognition by what?

A

peptide fragments; displays them on cell surface for recognition by T cells

24
Q

Type 1 etiology: MHC II are on ______ ________ ______ and present ________ _________.

A

antigen presenting cells (DC, B cells, macrophages); extracellular peptides

25
Q

Type 1 etiology: MHC 1 holds…

A

self antigens identifying the cell (presents intracellular peptides)

26
Q

Type 1 etiology: what do some viruses do and why? What cells respond to this?

A
  • reduce the amount of MHC I so they can hide from defense cells and not be detected as foreign
  • NK cells destroy all cells without reduced MHC I
27
Q

Type 1 etiology: where is the insulin gene?

A

on chromosome 11 (10% have defective I gene)

28
Q

Type 1 etiology: what does the insulin gene do?

A
  • codes for a protein that regulates division and function of beta cells
  • impacts insulin prod.
29
Q

Type 1 etiology: what risk is there with type 1 DM?

A 
familial risk (10x increased)
- if your sibling has it, you are 10x more likely to develop it
30
Q

Type 1 etiology: what type of hypersensitivity affects what antigen

A

T cell hypersensitivity to beta cell antigen

31
Q

Type 2 etiology: what is the component involved?

A

strong, unclear genetic component

32
Q

Type 2 etiology: in MODY, which gene on which chromosome is affected?

A

glucokinase gene on chr 7 (in 50% cases)

33
Q

Type 2 etiology: what does the glucokinase gene code for?

A

a protein (ie. glucokinase enzyme)

34
Q

Type 2 etiology: glucose + phosphate = ?

A

phosphorylated glucose; allows glucose to be converted in glycogen and stored

35
Q

Type 2 etiology: explain phosphorylation

A

brought on by glucokinase, but if gene coding for this liver enzyme is defective then phosphorylation
cannot occur. Insulin will take in glucose, but it will go right back into the bloodstream, resulting in hyperglycemia.

Biology - Diabetes Mellitus (11 decks)

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