Tutorial - Week 8 (thermodynamics) Flashcards
Energy is transformed using…? List 5 points
biochemical reactions (chemical transformation)
- Energy is spent to do work
- Some energy is returned to the surroundings as heat
- Some molecules are end-products, which are simpler, less organised, than the original
source of energy (increased randomness of the universe) - Some energy is used to produce complex macromolecules (decreased randomness).
Energy is spent to do…?
Work
Some energy is returned to the surroundings as…?
Heat
T/F: Some molecules are end-products, which are simpler, less organised, than the original
source of energy (increased randomness of the universe)
True
Some energy is used to produce…? Increased or decreased randomness?
complex macromolecules (decreased randomness)
What is energy and work? The three types of work?
Energy is the ability to do work (do something, change something in a system)
Work in living organisms:
1. Mechanical work: moves cells, organisms against gravitational force or frictional force
2. Gradient work: creates concentration gradients or electrical gradients across membranes
3. Synthetic work: making or breaking of bonds and production of molecules
Mechanical work: Define
moves cells, organisms against gravitational force or frictional force
Define Gradient work:
creates concentration gradients or electrical gradients across membranes
Define Synthetic work:
making or breaking of bonds and production of molecules
What is the main type of energy used?
Potential energy: is stored energy, and the energy attributed to the position or “condition” of an object
* Chemical bond energy: energy stored in chemical bonds, condition or position of the atoms &
electrons within molecule.
* Concentration gradient energy, nuclear energy
In biological systems, biomolecules can be converted into energy via biochemical reactions
Chemicals store energy in their ____________
In biological systems, biomolecules can be converted into energy via _________
chemical bonds
biochemical reactions
Chemical compounds can store energy in their…?
Chemical bonds
What is an example of a compound that stores energy in its chemical bonds?
Petrol
How is energy stored in chemicals?
- Food obtained from diet is converted into energy
- Covalent bonds store energy
Sugars
Fats - To obtain energy from biomolecules, they are rearranged into other
molecules following several biochemical reactions
Covalent bonds like in proteins, carbohydrates, and sugars
ATP!
Describe ATP in terms of energy currency
ATP: Is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells
AKA energy currency
Describe ATP in terms of energy currency
ATP: Is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells
AKA energy currency
How are biochemical reactions controlled?
What is the first law of thermal dynamics?
the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, although the form of energy may change
- Energy is converted from one type to another, but it cannot be destroyed
- E.g. Potential energy from chemical bonds is converted into kinetic energy (heat & mobility)
What is this an example of?
Chemical energy being utilised as the atoms and bonds are changed and energy is released
How are biochemical reactions controlled?
- Living organisms together with their surroundings constitute the universe
- Living organisms are open systems constantly exchanging material and energy
What is the second law of thermal dynamics? Explain
Cells require sources of ‘free energy’ known as ________?
Gibbs free energy
Cells can obtain energy from ________?
Nutrients (or sunlight)
Cells transform free energy into…? Following which law of thermodynamics?
ATP, or other energy-rich compounds (1st Law of thermodynamics)