Tutorial - Week 12/13 - Revision Flashcards
Complete the building blocks for each molecule
Nucleic acids:
- What are the two types?
- What are they polymers of?
- How are nucleotides linked?
- Polynucleotide chains have a ________ at one end and _________ attached to…?
- Which direction are they read?
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? (list the following for both)
- 3D structure
- Sugar
- Bases
- Type
- Function
Amino acids:
- How many standard amino acids are there?
- What do all amino acids have?
- What are they called at physiological pH? What does it mean?
- They are ____________ meaning they contain properties of both _________ and ________
- Are they chiral molecules? What does this mean?
Draw a standard amino acid structure and label the parts
Polymerisation of amino acids:
- What do amino acids polymerise to form?
- What is released during the formation of a peptide bond? What are the two processes called for formation and breaking of a peptide bond?
- What kind of bonds are peptide bonds?
What is the correct nomenclature for this peptide formed at the bottom?
Dipeptide
What is the peptide bond also known as?
T/F: the bond is often written as a single bond?
How many electrons are shared and between which atoms?
What does this sharing of electrons result in?
What is peptide bond resonance?
shared electrons between C-O and C-N
Resonance effect increases stability of the C-N bond, makes it shorter, and decreases rotation around that bond
List the four levels of protein structure and describe each
List the four chemical interactions that stabilise higher levels of
protein structure
What determines the intramolecular bonds within a protein?
The sequence of amino acids (primary structure)
What are intramolecular bonds important for?
These interactions are important to fold the polypeptide chain into a 3D shape, which is essential
to obtain a functional peptide/protein
Fatty acids are…?
- Normally have an _______ number of carbons (___________)
- What kinds of bonds do they have if they are saturated?
- What kinds of bonds do they have if they are unsaturated?
- Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in what kind of conformation?
- Some fatty acids are ___________, but cannot be synthesised by ____________ (e.g.?)
- What are free fatty acids and are they common?
What are TAGs also known as?
What are they?
What are they used for?
What are phosphlipids?
What is their nature regarding water?
What are they and what do they do?
What are they components of?
Monosaccharides (_______ sugars)
- What are the three most common monosaccharides in the human diet?
- The common monosaccharides have what kind of structure?
- What is their basic molecular formula?
- Is there a large diversity of them? Why? Explain
- What do these variations in structure result in?
- Monosaccharides are ________ sugars
Label
How do you obtain disaccharides?
Do disaccharides have a reducing end?
Which end is non-reducing?
Describe what bioenergetics is?
How is energy stored in chemicals?
What is the principle molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells?
In Biochemical reactions:
- What is conserved and moved around the reaction?
- What are moved around to obtain different molecules? Does this change anything for the new molecule?
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Living organisms are…?
open systems constantly exchanging material and energy
Living organisms together with their surroundings constitute the _________
universe