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IMED2001 UWA > Tutorial 1 > Flashcards

Tutorial 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Many antigen specific receptors are created with many different specificities on their surface.

When one of these diverse receptors comes into contact with respective antigen it replicates very quickly.

Immune response becomes tailored to the new antigen

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is the ability to create memory cells that respond more rapidly in secondary immune response due to presence of long-lived memory cells.

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3
Q

What are naïve lymphocytes?

A

Cells with receptors for antigens that have never encountered an antigen before.

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4
Q

What is the antibody response like in secondary response?

A

Much higher and more specific than the first response.

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5
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

Increase in number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with the microbes

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6
Q

What is contraction and homeostasis?

A

A decrease in number of immune cells to respond appropriately to the decrease in pathogens that were encountered. (i.e post disease recovery)

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7
Q

What is specialization?

A

Response is optimal for defence against different types of microbes.

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8
Q

What are the cells that initiate T cell response?

A

Dendritic cells

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9
Q

What is the effector phase of cell-mediated immunity?

A

Macrophages

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10
Q

What do follicular dendritic cells do?

A

Display antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune response

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11
Q

How are antigens eliminated?

A

T lymphocyte cytotoxicity

Monocytes and macrophages through phagocytosis

Granulocytes: neutrophils and eosinphils

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12
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

They recognize pathogenic antigens and respond by releasing cytokines which stimulate activation of macrophages, inflammation, and activation of T and B lymphocytes

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13
Q

What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?

A

They recognize intracellular antigens by recognizing peptides bound to MHC molecules

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14
Q

What do regulatory T lymphocytes?

A

They limit activation of other lymphocytes especially T cells to prevent autoimmunity from occuring

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15
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Recognize infected self cells and destroy them

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16
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop?

A

Common lymphoid precursors develop into mature forms in the bone marrow (for B cells) and thymus (for T cells)

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17
Q

What happens to naïve lymphocytes after interacting with foreign antigens?

A

Naïve lymphocytes recognize microbial antigens and differentiate and proliferate into effector lymphocytes after the appropriate additional signals are given to them

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18
Q

What do effector cells do?

A

Effector cells function to eliminate antigens. B cells are antibody secreting. CD4 lineage produce cytokines and CD8 cells are cytotoxic

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19
Q

What else do effector cells differentiate into?

A

Memory lymphocytes

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20
Q

Where do memory T cells migrate after differentiation?

A

Typically they are heterogenous with one subset that goes to lymph nodes, one subset to mucosa, and one subset to inflamed tissues

21
Q

Where do effector lymphocytes go after differentiation and proliferation?

A

Inflamed tissues preferentially

22
Q

Where do Naïve cells migrate after they are formed?

A

Peripheral lymph nodes

23
Q

What types of antibodies are produced by Naïve cells?

A

IgM and IgD

24
Q

What types of antibodies are produced by effector B cells?

A

IgG IgA and IgE

25
Q

What antibodies are produced by memory lymphocytes?

A

IgG IgA IgE

26
Q

What is the affinity of IgM and IgD produced by naive B cells?

A

Relatively low

27
Q

What is the affinity of IgG IgA and IgE antibodies produced by effector B cells like?

A

Increases during immune response

28
Q

What is the affinity of IgG IgA and IgE produced by memory B cells like?

A

Relatively high

29
Q

What kind of cells can be found in skin?

A

Antigen presenting cells

30
Q

What is the section of the spleen surrounded in and why?

A

Periartiolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) and attached follicle containing a prominent germinal center. PALS and lymphoid follicles constitute white pulp.

31
Q

Where are cutaneous and mucosal immune systems located?

A

Cutaneos immune system is in and under epithelia of the skin

Mucosal is in under GI and resp tract

32
Q

Where are most of the body’s lymphocytes located?

A

1/4 are in mucosal tissues and skin - many are memory cells

33
Q

What do M cells?

A

prevent transport of antigens from lumen

34
Q

What antibody is abundant in mucosal tissue?

A

IgA

35
Q

What WBCs are present in lamina propria of GI tract?

A

dendritic cells

macrophages

T lymphocytes provide adaptive immune defence

36
Q

What prevents commensal bacteria from entering into the lamina propria?

A

The mucous

37
Q

Where do B cells reside in peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

In follicles

38
Q

Where do T cells reside in peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

In periartiolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS)

39
Q

How is organization of lymphoid organs regulated?

A

Chemokines;

40
Q

How are B cells brought into the follicles?

A

B cells are attracted to follicles by the production of a chemokine that interacts with CXCR5

41
Q

How are T cells brought into the PALS?

A

chemokines that interact with CCR7

42
Q

Where do naïve T cells migrate when they enter circulation?

A

to LNs where they find epithelial and parenchymal antigens.

43
Q

How do Naïve T cells enter Lymph Nodes?

A

Through specialized postcapillary high endothelial venules

44
Q

Does the spleen have high endothelial venules? Does it have naïve lymphocytes?

A

No HEVs but the pattern of lymphocyte migration is similar

45
Q

How is the encounter between T cell and antigen containing (?DC?) cell carried out?

A

completely randomly because most naïve T cells circulate each lymph node at least once per day

46
Q

What happens if naïve T lymphocyte does not interact with a new pathogen?

A

It reenters the circulation

47
Q

How do dendritic cells enter and where do they migrate?

A

Through the afferent lymphatic vessels and they migrate in response to chemokines they pick up antigens from epithelium and migrate to T cell rich areas

48
Q

Where do activated T cells go after they have been activated?

A

to sites of inflammation and infection

IMED2001 UWA (44 decks)

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