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IMED2001 UWA > Lecture 10 - Mycobacteria and spirochaetes > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Mycobacteria and spirochaetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of mycobacterium species?

A

Mycobacterium tubercolosis

MOTT (Mycobacterium Other Than Tubercolosis) / NTM (Non Tubercolosis Mycobacteria)

Mycobacterium leprae

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2
Q

What are the types of spirochaetes?

A

Genus Treponema

Genus Borrelia

Genus Leptospira

Genus Spirillum

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycobacterium?

A

Very slow growers

Very fastidious growth requirements

Not detectable on Gram stain

Waxy mycolic acid in cell envelop making them resistant to drying

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4
Q

Why are mycobacterium so good at surviving for long periods of time?

A

Due to the presence of mycolic acid in their capsules

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5
Q

What type of stains work on mycobacterium?

A

Carbol fuchsin stain

Ziehl-Neelson stain

AFBs appear red against blue background

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6
Q

What type of stains work on mycobacterium?

A

Carbol fuchsin stain

Ziehl-Neelson stain

AFBs appear red against blue background

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7
Q

What are Acid Fast Bacteria (AFBs)?

A

They are bacteria that stain carbol fuchsin the stain cannot be removed with acid-alcohol

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8
Q

What is a Ziehl-Neelson stain?

A

A blue counter stain which contrasts with AFB

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9
Q

How are mycobacteria classified?

A

Using species complexes

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10
Q

What are the related species to the mycobacterium tubercolosis complex?

A

Mycobacterium tubercolosis

Mycobacterium Bovis

Mycobacterium bovis BCG (attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis used in vaccines)

Mycobacterium africanum

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11
Q

How much of the population is infected by TB?

A

1/4 to 1/3 of the world’ds population

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12
Q

What kind of people have TB?

A

The urban homeless

Immigrants

AIDS patients

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13
Q

Which countries have TB most?

A

Developing countries

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14
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

Through inhalation and spread by people with active pulmonary infection

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15
Q

How does pulmonary TB transfer from one person to another?

A

Open case of pulmonary TB occurs from lesions in the lungs opening into the airways and aerosol droplets get transferred between people

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16
Q

What happens after inhalation of TB?

A

Sometimes Bacteria is elminated by immune system

Other times the bacteria survive in granuloma of lung.(90 - 95% remain in granuloma whereas 5 - 10% are reactivated and cause disease in people in >50% in less than 2 years and in another 50% in more than 2 years.

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17
Q

What is pott’s disease?

A

Infection of vertebral body causing collapse of vertebrae and a hump appearance

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18
Q

What potential sites can TB be seen on?

A

Foci of infection could be focused in lungs as primary site of infection and then disease can move to distant organs (eg meninges, brain, myocardium, pericardium, bone, kidneys, lymphorectal tissue)

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19
Q

What can mycobacteria other than TB do?

A

Range of pulmonary diseases or disseminated disease in AIDS patients

lymphadenitis

chronic skin and soft tissue lesions

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20
Q

How is leprosy acquired?

A

Inhalation route or direct contact

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21
Q

How likely is it for mycobacterium leprae to cause disease?

A

Majority of infections are overcome by the immune system producing no symptoms

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22
Q

What is the response of the body to the leprosy pathogen caused by?

A

Host’s immune response

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23
Q

What are the types of leprosy responses?

A

Weak as in Lepromatous leprosy (weak CMI response)

Strong Tuberculoid leprosy (strong CMI response)

24
Q

Which tissue is typically affected by leprosy?

A

skin

upper respiratory tract

peripheral nerves

testes

25
Q

What are the defining features of tubercoloid leprosy?

A

Hypopigmented macules with raised red borders and the center lacks sensation

Damage to large nerves resulting in complete sensory loss in nerve’s distribution

26
Q

What are the features of lepromatous leprosy?

A

Nodules, plaques, and generally thickened dermis

Heavy infiltration of upper respiratory tract particularly nasal with congestion and nosebleeds as well as destruction of nasal cartilage.

Destruction of bone and ear cartilage

Diffuse nerve involvement; sensory loss to hands and feet

Testicular invasion and impaired function; low testosterone

27
Q

What are the types of spirochaetes?

A

Treponema

Borrelia

Leptospira

Spirillum

28
Q

What is the spirochaete shape?

A

Spiral

29
Q

Which treponema species are pathogenic to humans?

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

Treponema pertenue (yaws)

Treponema endemicum (bejel)

Treponema carateum (pinta)

30
Q

What does syphilis do?

A

Chronic disease that is sexually transmitted

31
Q

What are the stages of syphilis?

A

primary

secondary

teriary quaternary

32
Q

What are the symptoms of primary syphilis?

A

Chancre at inoculation site with raised edges

Painless

Raised firm edges

33
Q

is syphilis limited to genital sites?

A

No it can happen to non-genital sites

34
Q

What are the symptoms of secondary syphilis?

A

Fever

Fatigue

Myalgia

Skin rashes

Mucous patches

Condyloma lata (plaque like lesions)

meningitis can or may not manifest

35
Q

What are the stages of latent syphilis?

A

Early latent syphilis is asymptomatic with recurrences of secondary syphilis lesions

Late latent syphilis is asymptomatic and can cause tertiary syphilis

36
Q

What are the forms of tertiary syphilis?

A

Gummatous

Cardiovascular

Neurosyphilis

37
Q

What is gummatous syphilis?

A

granulomatous lesions called gummas in skin and bone

38
Q

What happens over time with gummatous lesions?

A

Destruction of surrounding tissue by expanding mass effect

In bone gumma produce pressure and deformity

39
Q

What are the cardiovascular effects of tertiary syphilis?

A

Syphilic aortitis causing inflammation of small vessels feeding the aorta leading to aneurysm or dilation of aortic valve ring causing insufficiency of the valve

Coronary artery stenosis

Myocardial infarction

40
Q

What are the symptoms of neurosyphilis?

A

Meningovascular syphilis causing aseptic meningitis, cranial nerve damage, and blindness/deafness

Parenchymatous syphilis Neuropsychiatric disturbance

Posterior spinal cord damage and inability to receive sensory peripheries

41
Q

What are the symptoms of parenchymatous syphilis?

A

Neuropsychiatric disturbance and posterior spinal column damage “general paresis of the insane”

Inability to receive sensory input from peripheries “tabes dorsalis” (slapping feet gait)

42
Q

How does syphilis affect neonates?

A

50% die and wide variety of symptoms in survivors

43
Q

What are the symptoms in neonatal survivors of syphilis?

A

Hutchinson’s teeth

Saddle nose

rashes

44
Q

What is yaws?

A

Chronic non-venereal disease caused by Treponema pertenue

45
Q

What does non-venereal mean?

A

Not related to sexual intercourse

46
Q

What does yaws affect?

A

Mainly skin and bone

47
Q

Where is yaws typically seen?

A

Tropical areas in underprivileged commnities

48
Q

How is treponema pertenue transmitted between people?

A

spread by contact

49
Q

What is bejel?

A

Non-venereal syphilis like disease caused by treponema endemicum

50
Q

Where is bejel typically seen?

A

In the tropics and acquired by children in conditions of poor hygiene

51
Q

What is pinta?

A

Ulcerative or papular depigmenting skin disease caused by the bacteria; treponema carateum

52
Q

How are borrelia species transmitted?

A

Insects

53
Q

What are the species of borrelia relevant to us?

A

Borrelia recurrentis (epidemic louse-borne relapsing fever)

Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)

Other Borrelia species (endemic tick-borne relapsing fever)

54
Q

How do humans get leptospira infections?

A

Contact with domestic and wild animal tissue, urine, soil, mud or water containing urine

55
Q

What are the symptoms of leptospira interrogans infection?

A

Spectrum of symptoms

Can cause flu like symptoms such as: sudden onset fever, malaise, severe headache, lowback+calf pain, photophobia

Or it can cause Weil’s disease which appears as jaundice, renal failure, obliguria, haemorrhage, and shock

56
Q

How is spirillum minor transmitted between people?

A

Rat bites (uncommon infection)

IMED2001 UWA (44 decks)

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