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IMED2001 UWA > Lecture 9 - Gram negative bacteria 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Gram negative bacteria 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ‘HACEK’ group?

A

A miscellanious fastidious Gram NEgative Rods

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2
Q

Where can ‘HACEK’ speces be found?

A

Members of the normal flora of oropharynx or urogenital tract

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3
Q

What types of conditions are ‘HACEK’ bacteria associated with?

A

Rare human infections (most commonly associated with subacute infecive endocarditis.

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4
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Damage to a faulty valve by bacteria

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5
Q

What are ‘HACEK’ bacteria?

A

Haemophilus aphrophilus and paraphrophilus

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Cardiobacteriumhominis

Eikenella corrodens

Kingella kingae

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6
Q

Which of the ‘HACEK’ group are aggregatibacter?

A

Haemophilus aphrophilus

Actinobacilus actinmycetemcomitans

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7
Q

What is the mortality rate of untreated endocarditis?

A

100% the bacteria destroys the valve which results in death

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8
Q

What is Pasteurella multocida?

A

Gram negative rods/coccobacillus

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9
Q

Where are pasteurella multocida associated with?

A

Normal flora of animals’ mouths particular cats and dogs

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10
Q

What type of wounds do pasteurella multocida predominate in?

A

Bite wounds

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11
Q

What kind of infections are bite wound infections?

A

polymicrobial

Aggressive, destructive, chronic infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues

Tendon sheathes joint cavities and bones can be infected

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12
Q

What kind of infection does bordetella pertussis do?

A

Whooping cough which is an upper respiratory tract infection which also infects glottis and trachea

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13
Q

How is bordetella pertussis transmitted?

A

VIa respiratory droplets

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14
Q

How does bordetella pertussis cause disease?

A

it creates a toxin that kills and irritates the upper respiratory tract

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15
Q

What kind of illness does bordetella cause in adults?

A

Adults dont get the typical 3 stage disease but they get inflammation of lining of upper respiratory tract. Damage left behind by toxin can cause coughing for long after initial infection

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16
Q

What kind of disease does brucella cause in humans?

A

Zoonotic infections for people who get in contact with farm animals (sheep cattle and goat)

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17
Q

What is the common name of the disease caused by brucellosis?

A

Undulant fever

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18
Q

How does brucellosis affect humans?

A

Disease of lymphatic tissue

Bone and joint infections

and chronic symptoms such as fever, sweats, myalgia, headache, and depression

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19
Q

What tissue does brucellosis affect?

A

Liver

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Bone marrow

Kidneys

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20
Q

Where can bartonella be found?

A

In saliva and nails of cats/kittens

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21
Q

What kind of disease does bartonella cause?

A

Cat scratch disease in people with normal immune systems

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of cat scratch disease?

A

initial lesion: papule/pustule/vesicle

Regional lymphadenopathy (commonly in the axilla)

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23
Q

What is campylobacter?

A

curved, spiral gram negative rods found in animals such as cattle, pigs, and chickens.

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24
Q

What are the 2 species of campylobacter that humans are commonly infected with?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter coli

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25
Q

How do people get C. jejuni?

A

From poorly cooked chicken.

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of infection with C.jejuni?

A

Self-limiting bloody diarrhoea and abdominal cramping fever.

Common cause of diarrhoea

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27
Q

What is the shape of helicobacter pylori?

A

helical gram negative rod

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28
Q

Where was the helicobacter pylori discovered?

A

In Perth by Dr Barry Marshall

29
Q

Where does the helicobacter pylori bacteria live?

A

In mucous layer covering mucus secreting epithelium of stomach and duodenum

30
Q

What does helicobacter pylori do in disease?

A

Major causative factor for duodenal ulcers and most gastric ulcers.

Major causative factor in gastro adeno-carcinoma and gastric lymphoma

31
Q

How can ulcers caused by helicobacter pylori be treated?

A

Treating with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics

32
Q

Where can legionella typically be found?

A

Can grow in cooling towers and when water evaporates it takes legionella with it causing pneumonia

33
Q

What is the pneumonia associated with legionella called?

A

legionnaires disease

34
Q

What is the mortality rate of legionnaires disease?

A

20%

35
Q

How is legionella acquired?

A

by inhalation of vapours containing leginoella.

Could also be acquired from pot plant mix

36
Q

What legionella species is found in pot plant mix?

A

legionella longbeachae

37
Q

What are the haemophilus species?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

Haemophilus aphrophilus and paraphrophilus

Haemophilus ducreyi

38
Q

Which haemophilus influenzae strains are virulent?

A

The encapsulated strains

39
Q

What are encapsulated haemophilus strains serotyped from?

A

antigenic differences and they are lettered a to g

40
Q

What is the most common strain of haemphilus influenzae?

A

Type b

41
Q

What kind of disease is haemophilus influenzae”

A

Rapidly fatal meningitis and septicaemia.

Serious sequelae in survivors

42
Q

What is a sequela?

A

a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury.

43
Q

What kind of demographic is most commonly infected by haemophilus influenzae type b?

A

Children <18yo

44
Q

What are the symptoms of haemophilus influenzae type b infection?

A

Epiglottitis

Inflammation and swelling of epiglottis

Rapid progression to laryngeal obstruction and asphyxiation

45
Q

Why is haemophilus disease type b uncommon now?

A

Vaccine was introduced in 1992 in Australia

46
Q

Are noncapsular non-typeable haemophilus influenzae pathogenic?

A

yes they cause bronchitis, sinusitis, and otitis media

47
Q

What kind of infections do haemophilus parainfluenzae produce?

A

uncommonly cause mucosal infections and endocarditis

48
Q

What kind of disease do haemophilus ducreyi cause?

A

Chancroid which is an STD

49
Q

What are the symptoms of chancroid?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi infection results in:

Ulcerative genital lesions

Enlarged lymph nodes

50
Q

Where does chancroid typically occur?

A

Tropical locations

51
Q

What are the gram negative cocci?

A

Genus Neisseria

genus Moraxella

52
Q

What are the gram negative coccobacilli?

A

Genus Kingella

Genus Acinetobacter

Genus Haemophilus

Genus Bordetella

Genus Brucella

Genus Pasteurella

53
Q

What kind of arrangement are Neisseria?

A

Diplococci?

54
Q

What are the species of Neisseria?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Commensal Neisseria

55
Q

Name an important virulence factor for neisseria meningitidis:

A

Polysaccharide capsule

56
Q

What are the most serious disease causing serogroups of neisseria meningitidis?

A

A,B,C,W, and Y

57
Q

Which serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis predominate Australia?

A

B until 2015 and now W is becoming more common

58
Q

What does neosseria meningitidis do?

A

Rapidly fatal infection in previously healthy people

Purulent meningitis

Overwhelming septicaemia with purpuric rash

Meningitis and septicaemia together

MENINGITIS IS NOT NECESSARY FOR DIAGNOSIS

59
Q

Where is neisseria meningitidis typically located?

A

carried in nasopharynx of 5 - 10% of population

In africa there is a subsaharan meningitis belt

60
Q

What serogroups is there a vaccine for?

A

A, B (took a while to get), C, Y and W135

61
Q

What is neisseria gonnorrhoeae?

A

gonnorrhoeae

62
Q

What are the symptoms of gonnorrhoeae?

A

Urethritis (infection of the urethra)

Pharyngitis or anorectal infection

Bacteraemia (rare)

In females:

Cervicitis, purulent discharge

Salpingitis (infection of fallopian tubes)

Opthalmia neonatorum (infection of eyes of newborn infants)

63
Q

What is the issue with commensal neisseriae??

A

Can be occassionally misdiagnosed as gonnorrheae

64
Q

Where are commensal neisseria typically located?

A

Respiratory and occaionally genital tracts

Rare causes of different types of infection

65
Q

What is moraxella catarrhalis?

A

Gram negative diplococci on gram stain

66
Q

Where are Moraxella catarrhalis typically located?

A

They are commensals of upper respiratory tract and female genital tract

67
Q

What conditions can Moraxella catarrhalis cause?

A

Lower respiratory tract infections in adults with underlying lung disease (exacerbates previous lung issues)

Otitis media and sinusitis in children

68
Q

What is the difference between self-limiting diarrhoea and normal diarrhoea?

A

Self-limiting goes away on its own

IMED2001 UWA (44 decks)

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