Lecture 9 - Gram negative bacteria 2

Question 1

What is the ‘HACEK’ group?

Answer 1

A miscellanious fastidious Gram NEgative Rods

Question 2

Where can ‘HACEK’ speces be found?

Answer 2

Members of the normal flora of oropharynx or urogenital tract

Question 3

What types of conditions are ‘HACEK’ bacteria associated with?

Answer 3

Rare human infections (most commonly associated with subacute infecive endocarditis.

Question 4

What is endocarditis?

Answer 4

Damage to a faulty valve by bacteria

Question 5

What are ‘HACEK’ bacteria?

Answer 5

Haemophilus aphrophilus and paraphrophilus

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Cardiobacteriumhominis

Eikenella corrodens

Kingella kingae

Question 6

Which of the ‘HACEK’ group are aggregatibacter?

Answer 6

Haemophilus aphrophilus

Actinobacilus actinmycetemcomitans

Question 7

What is the mortality rate of untreated endocarditis?

Answer 7

100% the bacteria destroys the valve which results in death

Question 8

What is Pasteurella multocida?

Answer 8

Gram negative rods/coccobacillus

Question 9

Where are pasteurella multocida associated with?

Answer 9

Normal flora of animals’ mouths particular cats and dogs

Question 10

What type of wounds do pasteurella multocida predominate in?

Answer 10

Bite wounds

Question 11

What kind of infections are bite wound infections?

Answer 11

polymicrobial

Aggressive, destructive, chronic infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues

Tendon sheathes joint cavities and bones can be infected

Question 12

What kind of infection does bordetella pertussis do?

Answer 12

Whooping cough which is an upper respiratory tract infection which also infects glottis and trachea

Question 13

How is bordetella pertussis transmitted?

Answer 13

VIa respiratory droplets

Question 14

How does bordetella pertussis cause disease?

Answer 14

it creates a toxin that kills and irritates the upper respiratory tract

Question 15

What kind of illness does bordetella cause in adults?

Answer 15

Adults dont get the typical 3 stage disease but they get inflammation of lining of upper respiratory tract. Damage left behind by toxin can cause coughing for long after initial infection

Question 16

What kind of disease does brucella cause in humans?

Answer 16

Zoonotic infections for people who get in contact with farm animals (sheep cattle and goat)

Question 17

What is the common name of the disease caused by brucellosis?

Answer 17

Undulant fever

Question 18

How does brucellosis affect humans?

Answer 18

Disease of lymphatic tissue

Bone and joint infections

and chronic symptoms such as fever, sweats, myalgia, headache, and depression

Question 19

What tissue does brucellosis affect?

Answer 19

Liver

Spleen

Lymph nodes

Bone marrow

Kidneys

Question 20

Where can bartonella be found?

Answer 20

In saliva and nails of cats/kittens

Question 21

What kind of disease does bartonella cause?

Answer 21

Cat scratch disease in people with normal immune systems

Question 22

What are the symptoms of cat scratch disease?

Answer 22

initial lesion: papule/pustule/vesicle

Regional lymphadenopathy (commonly in the axilla)

Question 23

What is campylobacter?

Answer 23

curved, spiral gram negative rods found in animals such as cattle, pigs, and chickens.

Question 24

What are the 2 species of campylobacter that humans are commonly infected with?

Answer 24

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter coli

Question 25

How do people get C. jejuni?

Answer 25

From poorly cooked chicken.

Question 26

What are the symptoms of infection with C.jejuni?

Answer 26

Self-limiting bloody diarrhoea and abdominal cramping fever. Common cause of diarrhoea

Question 27

What is the shape of helicobacter pylori?

Answer 27

helical gram negative rod

Question 28

Where was the helicobacter pylori discovered?

Answer 28

In Perth by Dr Barry Marshall

Question 29

Where does the helicobacter pylori bacteria live?

Answer 29

In mucous layer covering mucus secreting epithelium of stomach and duodenum

Question 30

What does helicobacter pylori do in disease?

Answer 30

Major causative factor for duodenal ulcers and most gastric ulcers. Major causative factor in gastro adeno-carcinoma and gastric lymphoma

Question 31

How can ulcers caused by helicobacter pylori be treated?

Answer 31

Treating with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics

Question 32

Where can legionella typically be found?

Answer 32

Can grow in cooling towers and when water evaporates it takes legionella with it causing pneumonia

Question 33

What is the pneumonia associated with legionella called?

Answer 33

legionnaires disease

Question 34

What is the mortality rate of legionnaires disease?

Answer 34

20%

Question 35

How is legionella acquired?

Answer 35

by inhalation of vapours containing leginoella. Could also be acquired from pot plant mix

Question 36

What legionella species is found in pot plant mix?

Answer 36

legionella longbeachae

Question 37

What are the haemophilus species?

Answer 37

Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemophilus aphrophilus and paraphrophilus Haemophilus ducreyi

Question 38

Which haemophilus influenzae strains are virulent?

Answer 38

The encapsulated strains

Question 39

What are encapsulated haemophilus strains serotyped from?

Answer 39

antigenic differences and they are lettered a to g

Question 40

What is the most common strain of haemphilus influenzae?

Answer 40

Type b

Question 41

What kind of disease is haemophilus influenzae"

Answer 41

Rapidly fatal meningitis and septicaemia. | Serious sequelae in survivors

Question 42

What is a sequela?

Answer 42

a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury.

Question 43

What kind of demographic is most commonly infected by haemophilus influenzae type b?

Answer 43

Children <18yo

Question 44

What are the symptoms of haemophilus influenzae type b infection?

Answer 44

Epiglottitis Inflammation and swelling of epiglottis Rapid progression to laryngeal obstruction and asphyxiation

Question 45

Why is haemophilus disease type b uncommon now?

Answer 45

Vaccine was introduced in 1992 in Australia

Question 46

Are noncapsular non-typeable haemophilus influenzae pathogenic?

Answer 46

yes they cause bronchitis, sinusitis, and otitis media

Question 47

What kind of infections do haemophilus parainfluenzae produce?

Answer 47

uncommonly cause mucosal infections and endocarditis

Question 48

What kind of disease do haemophilus ducreyi cause?

Answer 48

Chancroid which is an STD

Question 49

What are the symptoms of chancroid?

Answer 49

Haemophilus ducreyi infection results in: Ulcerative genital lesions Enlarged lymph nodes

Question 50

Where does chancroid typically occur?

Answer 50

Tropical locations

Question 51

What are the gram negative cocci?

Answer 51

Genus Neisseria genus Moraxella

Question 52

What are the gram negative coccobacilli?

Answer 52

Genus Kingella Genus Acinetobacter Genus Haemophilus Genus Bordetella Genus Brucella Genus Pasteurella

Question 53

What kind of arrangement are Neisseria?

Answer 53

Diplococci?

Question 54

What are the species of Neisseria?

Answer 54

Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Commensal Neisseria

Question 55

Name an important virulence factor for neisseria meningitidis:

Answer 55

Polysaccharide capsule

Question 56

What are the most serious disease causing serogroups of neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 56

A,B,C,W, and Y

Question 57

Which serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis predominate Australia?

Answer 57

B until 2015 and now W is becoming more common

Question 58

What does neosseria meningitidis do?

Answer 58

Rapidly fatal infection in previously healthy people Purulent meningitis Overwhelming septicaemia with purpuric rash Meningitis and septicaemia together MENINGITIS IS NOT NECESSARY FOR DIAGNOSIS

Question 59

Where is neisseria meningitidis typically located?

Answer 59

carried in nasopharynx of 5 - 10% of population In africa there is a subsaharan meningitis belt

Question 60

What serogroups is there a vaccine for?

Answer 60

A, B (took a while to get), C, Y and W135

Question 61

What is neisseria gonnorrhoeae?

Answer 61

gonnorrhoeae

Question 62

What are the symptoms of gonnorrhoeae?

Answer 62

Urethritis (infection of the urethra) Pharyngitis or anorectal infection Bacteraemia (rare) In females: Cervicitis, purulent discharge Salpingitis (infection of fallopian tubes) Opthalmia neonatorum (infection of eyes of newborn infants)

Question 63

What is the issue with commensal neisseriae??

Answer 63

Can be occassionally misdiagnosed as gonnorrheae

Question 64

Where are commensal neisseria typically located?

Answer 64

Respiratory and occaionally genital tracts Rare causes of different types of infection

Question 65

What is moraxella catarrhalis?

Answer 65

Gram negative diplococci on gram stain

Question 66

Where are Moraxella catarrhalis typically located?

Answer 66

They are commensals of upper respiratory tract and female genital tract

Question 67

What conditions can Moraxella catarrhalis cause?

Answer 67

Lower respiratory tract infections in adults with underlying lung disease (exacerbates previous lung issues) Otitis media and sinusitis in children

Question 68

What is the difference between self-limiting diarrhoea and normal diarrhoea?

Answer 68

Self-limiting goes away on its own