Tuscany (Toscana) Flashcards

CMS Theory Study

1
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is significant about the Chianti zone in terms of wine legislation?

A

Legislation delimiting the Chianti zone dates back to 1716

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2
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the historical significance of the first DOC and DOCG zones in Italy?

A

They were the first to be authorized in Tuscany

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3
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What type of agriculture did ancient Romans practice in Tuscany, and what crops were involved?

A

“Promiscuous” agriculture, planting olive trees, vineyards, and wheat fields side by side

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4
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Who were the trailblazers of the “Super-Tuscan” movement, and what were their contributions?

A

Marquis Mario Rocchetta released the first commercial vintage of Sassicaia in 1968, and his nephew Piero Antinori followed with Tignanello

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5
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What percentage of Tuscany’s wine production is at the DOC/DOCG level, and how much wine does Tuscany produce annually?

A

About 60% of Tuscany’s wine is at the DOC/DOCG level, and the region produces around 2.7 million hectoliters of wine annually

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6
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How many DOCG zones does Tuscany have, and which regions have more?

A

Tuscany has 11 DOCG zones, trailing only Piedmont and Veneto

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7
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the general climate of Tuscany?

A

Tuscany enjoys a dry, Mediterranean climate, but winters can be harsh and summers can be long and hot

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8
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How does the climate vary within Tuscany?

A

There is a wide variation in mesoclimates. Montalcino is typically more arid, while Montepulciano has a more seasonal, continental climate

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9
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What factors contribute to the diversity of mesoclimates in Tuscany?

A

The region’s width and the changing altitudes of Tuscany’s sloped vineyards contribute to its diverse mesoclimates

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10
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the main red grape of Tuscany?

A

Sangiovese

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11
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the three great indigenous red grapes of Italy?

A

Sangiovese, Nebbiolo and Aglianico

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12
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the typical characteristics of Sangiovese wines?

A

Sangiovese wines are typically light in color, high in acidity, firmly tannic, medium- to full-bodied, with sour cherry notes and herbal undertones

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13
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How is Sangiovese traditionally aged, and how does modern aging differ?

A

Traditionally, Sangiovese is aged in large European (often Slavonian) casks, but modern wines are also aged in new barriques, which add flavor and texture

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14
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which grapes are sometimes blended with Sangiovese to add color and power?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon or the local Colorino

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15
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What role did the Canaiolo grape historically play in Sangiovese blends?

A

Soften Sangiovese’s firm tannins

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16
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the significance of the “Chianti Classico 2000 Project”?

A

The “Chianti Classico 2000 Project” was a clonal research initiative started in 1987 by the Consorzio Vino Chianti Classico to develop disease-resistant clones and enhance other properties of Sangiovese

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17
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How has clonal research impacted the Sangiovese grape?

A

Led to the development of disease-resistant clones and clones with thicker skins and higher anthocyanin content, improving the grape’s characteristics

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18
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How have previously isolated clones like Brunello and Prugnolo Gentile evolved?

A

It’s given way to many derivatives as research continues to refine the Sangiovese grape

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19
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

In which DOCGs is Sangiovese the principal red grape?

A

Sangiovese is the principal red grape in Chianti, Chianti Classico, Carmignano, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Morellino di Scansano, Montecucco Sangiovese and Brunello di Montalcino

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20
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which DOCG allows only Sangiovese as the red grape?

A

Brunello di Montalcino DOCG allows only Sangiovese as the red grape

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21
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What role do Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot play in Tuscan wine production?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot can be added in minor proportions to the Chianti formula, but they are more important in DOC and IGT “Super-Tuscan” blends, adding lushness and flesh to Sangiovese

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22
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which international grape is gaining momentum in Tuscany?

A

Syrah

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23
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which white international grapes are less popular in Tuscany?

A

Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc capture less interest than their red counterparts in Tuscany

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24
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the most planted white grape in Italy, and where is it commonly found in Tuscany?

A

Trebbiano Toscano is the most planted white grape in Italy, and it is regularly encountered in Tuscany, often blended with Malvasia

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25
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Where is the Vernaccia grape primarily grown in Tuscany?

A

Vernaccia is primarily grown in the environs of San Gimignano

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26
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which white grape shows promise in the coastal vineyards of Maremma, Tuscany?

A

Vermentino shows great promise in the coastal vineyards of Maremma

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27
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What percentage of the wine made in Tuscany is red?

A

More than 85% of the wine made in Tuscany is red

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28
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is Tuscany’s most famous wine region?

A

Chianti DOCG

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29
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When was Chianti elevated to DOCG status?

A

1984

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30
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When were the limits of the modern Chianti zone established?

A

1932

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31
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How many original subzones were created for the Chianti region in 1932?

A

7

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32
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Name the seven original subzones of the Chianti region.

A

Classico, Rùfina, Colli Fiorentini, Colli Senesi, Colline Pisane, Colli Aretini, and Montalbano

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33
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which subzone was added to the Chianti region in 1997?

A

Montespertoli

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34
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which Chianti subzone is often regarded as the most consistent in quality, besides Classico?

A

Rùfina

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35
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which firm dominates the Rùfina subzone?

A

Frescobaldi

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36
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Name the two producers in the Pomino DOC within Rùfina

A

Frescobaldi and Fattoria Selvapiana

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37
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is unique about the Pomino DOC compared to Chianti DOCG?

A

It permits a higher percentage of international grapes and a range of varietal bottlings

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38
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Who is credited with defining the classic blend of Chianti?

A

Baron Bettino Ricasoli

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39
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When did Baron Bettino Ricasoli outline his classic blend of Chianti?

A

In an 1872 letter to Professor Cesare Studiati at the University of Pisa

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40
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the general recipe for Chianti DOCG as updated in 1996?

A

70 to 100% Sangiovese

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41
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the minimum percentage of Sangiovese required in the Colli Senesi subzone?

A

75%

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42
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Are the white grapes Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia mandatory in Chianti DOCG?

A

No, their addition is now optional but rarely practiced

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43
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the maximum percentage of Cabernet grapes allowed in the Chianti DOCG blend?

A

15%

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44
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the maximum percentage of Cabernet grapes allowed in the Colli Senesi subzone?

A

10%

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45
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the traditional practice of “governo” in Chianti winemaking?

A

Refermentation with the juice of dried grapes to strengthen the wine and initiate malolactic fermentation

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46
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How must the practice of governo be indicated on Chianti wine labels?

A

As “Governo all’uso Toscano.”

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47
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When may Chianti normale be released?

A

On March 1 of the year following the harvest

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48
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which Chianti subzones require additional aging beyond the standard release date?

A

The Florentine subzones of Rùfina, Montespertoli, and Colli Fiorentini

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49
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What does it mean when Chianti is labeled “riserva”?

A

It has undergone two years of aging

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50
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What additional requirements do Chianti superiore wines have?

A

They require an additional half-degree of alcohol and lowered vineyard yields.

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51
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When was Chianti Classico upgraded to DOCG status?

A

1984, same as Chianti

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52
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the heartland of the Chianti zone?

A

Chianti Classico

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53
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which area contains the original Chianti zone delimited by Grand Duke Cosimo III de’ Medici in 1716?

A

Chianti Classico area

54
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Name the four original villages in the Chianti Classico area

A

Radda, Gaiole, Castellina, and Greve

55
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the dominant soil types in the Chianti Classico region?

A

Sandstone and Marl

56
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the major sandstone-driven soils in Chianti Classico?

A

Macingo and Piestraforte

57
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the top Marl soil in Chianti Classico?

A

Albarese

58
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the minimum percentage of Sangiovese required in the Chianti Classico blend?

A

80%

59
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Are white grapes permitted in Chianti Classico wines?

A

No, as of the 2006 vintage, white grapes are no longer permitted

60
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the minimum alcohol level for Chianti Classico wines?

A

12%

61
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When may Chianti Classico wines be released?

A

Not until October 1st of the year following harvest

62
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the aging requirements for Chianti Classico Riserva wines?

A

A minimum of 24 months, with at least 3 months in bottle, and a minimum alcohol level of 12.5%

63
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is Gran Selezione in Chianti Classico?

A

A category approved in 2014 for wines that must come from estate-grown grapes and be aged for at least 30 months, with 3 months in bottle, and a minimum alcohol level of 13%

64
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the minimum Sangiovese content required for Gran Selezione wines as of 2021?

A

At least 90%

65
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What wood vessel is often used for aging Riserva Chianti Classico?

A

Barrique

66
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is Brunello di Montalcino DOCG known for in Tuscany?

A

It is the most powerful expression of Sangiovese in Tuscany

67
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Who is credited with the invention of the Brunello style?

A

Clemente Santi of Tenuta Greppo’s Biondi-Santi

68
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When was the Brunello clone first isolated and bottled alone?

A

1865

69
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which Brunello wine immortalized Biondi-Santi’s reputation and the Brunello style?

A

Brunello Riserva 1888

70
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When did Brunello di Montalcino truly capture the public imagination?

A

Only recently, with significant growth occurring after the 1970s

71
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Where is the hill of Montalcino located?

A

In the southern reaches of Tuscany, overlapping Chianti Senesi in the province of Siena

72
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How many hectares does Montalcino encompass, and how many are authorized for Brunello production?

A

It encompasses 24,000 hectares, with only around 5,000 acres authorized and planted for Brunello

73
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What grape is used to produce Brunello di Montalcino?

A

100% Sangiovese Grosso (Brunello)

74
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the aging requirements for Brunello di Montalcino?

A

Aged in cask for a minimum of two years and in bottle for an additional four months (six months for riserva)

75
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When can Brunello di Montalcino be released?

A

On January 1st of the fifth year following the harvest, or the sixth year for riserva bottlings

76
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What type of soil characterizes the higher-altitude vineyards in Montalcino?

A

Galestro

77
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What soil type is predominant in the warmer southern reaches of Montalcino?

A

Clay

78
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is scattered throughout Montalcino’s soil?

A

Fossilized Marine Deposits

79
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is a suburb or sub-commune called in Montalcino?

A

Frazioni

80
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Name the frazioni (suburbs or sub-communes) of Montalcino that provide distinctions in the corresponding wines

A

Sant Angelo in Colle, Castelnuovo Abate, and Torrenieri

81
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How does Brunello compare to Chianti in terms of alcohol, extract, and tannin?

A

Brunello is stronger, with more alcohol, extract, and tannin than Chianti

82
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which producers are known for using small barrels and shorter macerations to round out Brunello wines?

A

Casanova di Neri and Mastrojanni

83
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which producers remain more traditional in their approach to Brunello winemaking?

A

Biondi-Santi, Talenti, and Soldera

84
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the “junior” version of Brunello called?

A

Rosso di Montalcino DOC

85
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What grape is used to produce Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

A

100% Sangiovese, same as Brunello

86
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the aging requirement for Rosso di Montalcino DOC?

A

The wines must be aged for one year prior to release, but cask aging is not required

87
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the Sant’Antimo DOC, and when was it created?

A

Created in 1996, Sant’Antimo DOC provides Montalcino producers an outlet for “Super-Tuscan” wines.

88
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What types of grapes can be used for Sant’Antimo DOC wines?

A

Any grape authorized in Tuscany

89
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What types of wines can be produced under Sant’Antimo DOC?

A

Both red and white wines

90
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is Moscadello di Montalcino DOC?

A

A DOC for white wines from the Montalcino region, produced from the Moscadello (Moscato Bianco) grape.

91
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the characteristics of Moscadello di Montalcino wines?

A

Moscadello wines are often sweet and may be still or sparkling.

92
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Where is Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG produced?

A

In Montepulciano and several surrounding communes, to the east of Montalcino.

93
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When was Vino Nobile di Montepulciano awarded DOCG status?

A

1980, one of the first awarded in Italy.

94
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the minimum percentage of Sangiovese (Prugnolo Gentile clone) required in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

70%

95
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the maximum percentage of other varieties allowed in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, and how much can be white varieties?

A

A maximum of 30% other varieties, including no more than 5% white varieties

96
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the aging requirements for Vino Nobile di Montepulciano?

A

Aged for a minimum of two years, with at least one year in wood

97
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How long must Vino Nobile di Montepulciano Riserva wines be aged?

A

At least three years

98
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How does Vino Nobile di Montepulciano compare to Chianti and Brunello in terms of tannins and firmness?

A

It tends to be less firm than Chianti and less aggressively tannic than Brunello, striking a softer balance.

99
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the minimum Sangiovese content for Morellino di Scansano DOCG wines?

A

85%

100
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When did Morellino di Scansano achieve DOCG status?

A

2006

101
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the aging requirements for Morellino di Scansano Riserva wines?

A

Aged for a minimum of two years

102
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What historical change made winegrowing possible in the southern Maremma region, where Morellino di Scansano is located?

A

Mussolini drained the inhospitable swamp in the 1930s

103
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the Sangiovese content requirement for the red wines of Carmignano DOCG?

A

Minimum 50% Sangiovese

104
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is unique about the blend requirements for Carmignano DOCG wines?

A

10% to 20% of Cabernet Sauvignon and/or Cabernet Franc is required in the blend

105
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which DOCG allows higher proportions of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot to be added to Sangiovese?

A

Rosso della Val di Cornia DOCG, maximum 60% combined

106
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

When was Suvereto elevated to DOCG status alongside the red wines of Val di Cornia?

A

2011

107
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What was the first “Super Tuscan” wine released by Marquis Mario Rocchetta’s Tenuta San Guido?

A

Sassicaia in 1968

108
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is significant about the wine Tignanello, released by Antinori in 1971?

A

It was a barrique-aged red wine with 85% Sangiovese, signaling an upheaval in Tuscany’s wine production.

109
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What Bordeaux-style wines followed the release of Sassicaia and Tignanello?

A

Antinori’s Solaia, Ornellaia, Masseto, and Le Macchiole’s Paleo Rosso

110
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Which three wines were among the first 100% Sangiovese “Super-Tuscans”?

A

San Felice’s Vigorello, Montevertine’s Le Pergole Torte, and Isole e Olena’s Cepparello

111
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What was peculiar about Tuscany’s most prized bottles by the mid-eighties?

A

They were often simple vino da tavola.

112
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What was a primary motivator for the creation of the IGT category in Italy in 1992?

A

Dissatisfaction with the regimented DOC laws

113
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Under what classification are many great “Super-Tuscan” wines released today?

A

IGT, often under a nome di fantasia (fantasy name)

114
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What DOC region in the northern Maremma received DOC status for red wines in 1994?

A

Bolgheri DOC

115
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the aging requirements for Bolgheri Superiore wines?

A

Aged for a minimum of two years, with at least one year in oak barrels, and a minimum alcohol content of 12.5%

116
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the leading grape for white wines in Bolgheri DOC?

A

Vermentino

117
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What significant status was granted to Bolgheri Sassicaia in 2013?

A

It gained separate status as an appellation, the only true monopole DOC in Italy

118
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the isle of Elba known for in relation to the French Emperor Napoleon?

A

It was the site of Napoleon’s exile in 1814

119
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What DOCG was finalized in 2011 for sweet red passito wines on the island of Elba?

A

Elba Aleatico Passito DOCG

120
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

From which grape are the Elba Aleatico Passito wines made?

A

The Aleatico grape

121
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the genetic link of the Aleatico grape?

A

It is genetically linked to the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains grape and possibly a red-skinned mutation

122
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the only white wine in Tuscany to enjoy DOCG status?

A

Vernaccia di San Gimignano DOCG

123
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What are the characteristics of Vernaccia di San Gimignano?

A

It is a crisp, pink grapefruit-tinged white wine produced on sandy, rock-strewn soils around San Gimignano.

124
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is vin santo, and why is it becoming increasingly rare?

A

Vin santo is a traditional dried grape sweet wine produced from Trebbiano and Malvasia grapes that is difficult and time-consuming to produce, making it increasingly rare

125
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is “Occhio di Pernice” in relation to vin santo?

A

It is a rosé version of vin santo, produced with a minimum of 50% Sangiovese added to the white grapes

126
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

How are the grapes for vin santo traditionally dried?

A

The grapes are hung from rafters to dry, usually until December 1 if not longer

127
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What type of barrels are used for aging vin santo, and what is their traditional wood?

A

Vin santo is aged in caratelli barrels, traditionally made from chestnut wood, allowing rapid oxidation

128
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What effect does not topping off the barrels have on vin santo?

A

Alcohol is concentrated through evaporation, giving the wine its characteristic amber hue

129
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What determines whether vin santo is dry or sweet?

A

The length of the appassimento process

130
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

Can vin santo be fortified, and if so, what is it labeled as?

A

Yes, it can be fortified and is labeled as liquoroso

131
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is the most common type of vin santo exported from Tuscany?

A

Vin Santo del Chianti DOC

132
Q

Tuscany (Toscana)

What is typically served with vin santo at a Tuscan table?

A

A less sweet dessert, such as biscotti