Turning Flashcards
Max load factor for non aerobatic ac
2.5g
Centripetal Force
Unbalance force maintain turn
Constant acceleration towards centre of the turn
Calculation for Cos(0) in a vertical force in turn
Cos0 = Weight
———
Lift
Load factor in a turn formula
L/W (load factor) = 1/cos(0)
Centripetal force in turn formula
Mass (kg) x Velocity (m/s)
————————————
Turn radius
Turn Radius Formula
Velocity2 (M/S)
———————
Gravity x radius (Tan0)
1) Convert TAS to MS
2) 10 x Tan(angle)
3) M/S2
——
Answer
Turn Radius Only depends on
Angle of bank & TAS
Mass has no effect on turning
How do you find how long it will take to turn through 360 degrees?
Velocity2
————-
10 x tan(AOB)
2 x 3.14 x radius
Time = distance/speed
Rate 1 Turn
3 degrees per second
180 degrees in 1 minute
360 degrees in 2 minutes
Rate 2 turn
6 degrees per second
Rate 1 turn formula
TAS
——- + 7
10
Speed on turn radius
Double speed the radius will be x4 bigger
Altitude of turn performance
Best turn performance at sea level is greater than at cruise altitude
TAS increase with altitude therefore turn radius increases
Rate of turn formula
TAS (m/s)
————-
Radius
Skid is
Not enough bank in turn
Outside wing advancing inside wing is retreating.
Skidding into the turn
Apply opposite rudder input to turn
Step on the ball
Slip
Too much bank in turn
Low wing is advancing and outside wing retreating. Inside wing moving faster.
Apply rudder in same direction as the turn
Turn Performance determined by x3 factors
Max lifting capability - high clmax/low wing loading
Structural strength
Thrust - excess thrust greater turning performance
Rate of turn vs turn radius
Rate of turn is the change in direction over time
Turn radius is the size of the arc made by turning
Double the speed of rate of turn
Turn radius will increase by x4
TAS (m/s)
————-
Radius
X 2
——
X 4
= 0.5
Rate of turn half’s
Rate of turn
Measured in degrees of heading change per second and it called angular velocity
When you turn with no rudder there is natural tendency to
Slip
If centripetal force decreases what happens to the radius of a turn
Smaller centripetal force the rate of turn will increases
A larger centripetal force towards centre of turn will give a smaller radius
Altitude on turn radius
Increase in altitude means higher TAS
Radius of turn will increase higher altitude due to higher TAS compared to sea level
Bank angle is
The angle between the lateral axis and the horizon
Rotates around the longitudinal axis
When is a turn coordinated
The longitudinal axis of the aeroplane at the CG is tangential to the flight path
How do you calculate the centripetal force in a turn
Weight (N) x tan()
How do you calculate centripetal force in a turn from the lift vector
Lift x sin(bank angle)
