Tumour Pathology Flashcards
Glandular Epithelia
Benign - adenoma
Malignant - adeno-carcinoma
Squamous epithelia
Benign - squamous papilloma
Malignant - squamous carcinoma
Bone
Benign - osteoma
Malignant - osteo-sarcoma
Fat
Benign - lipoma
Malignant - lipo-sarcoma
Fibrous tissue
Benign - fibroma
Malignant - fibro-sarcoma
White blood cells
Leukaemia
Lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
Germ cells
Teratomas
(Ovarian, usually benign. Testicular, usually malignant)
Seminoma - malignant tumour
Benign
Non-invasive growth
Usually encapsulated
Be metastases
Cells and function similar to normal
Malignant
Invasive growth
No capsule, or capsule is breached
Cells abnormal; loss of function
Cancer cell properties
Altered genetics
Altered function
Altered structure
Cells capable of independent growth
Spread of cancer cells
Local
Lymphatic
Blood
Trans-coelomic
Local effects
Pressure Obstruction Tissue obstruction Bleeding Pain Effects of treatment
Systemic effects
Secretion of hormones
Weight loss
Effects of treatment
Dysplasia
Pre-malignant change to indicate tumour is becoming malignant
Cyclin pRb pathway disruption
Cyclin pRb acts as “brakes” of the cell cycle
Mutation allows uncontrolled proliferation
p53 pathway disruption
p53 stops the cell cycle if cell is damaged to allow DNA repair. Severe damage => apoptosis
Mutation allows continuation of cycle, despite damage
Astrocytoma
Tumour of the central nervous system
