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ME2019 PART 2 > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 groups of genes that cause cancer?

A

Suppresor genes

Oncogenes (promote tumour development, are normally switched of)

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2
Q

What are some properties of cancers?

A

Altered cellular function

Abnormal morphology

Cells capable of independant growth

No single feature is unique to tumour cells

Tumour biomarkers

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3
Q

What is the altered function in cancers?

A

Loss of cell to cell adhesion

Altered cell to matrix adhesion

Production of tumour related proteins (tumour biomarkers)

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4
Q

What are tumour biomarkers?

A

Ono-fetal proteins

Oncogenes

Growth factor and receptors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

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5
Q

What are tumour biomarkers used clinically for?

A

Screening

Diagnosis

Prognostic (identifying patients with specific outcome)

Predictive (identifying patients who will response to a particular therapy)

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6
Q

What is the difference between diagnosis and screening?

A

Diagnosis is once the patient is already symptomatic whereas screening is before the symptoms are apparent

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7
Q

What are some examples of tumour biomarkers?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)

Oestrogen receptor

Prostate specific antigen

Kras

Braf

EGFR

PD-L1

Her2

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8
Q

What cancer shows alpha-fetoprotein?

A

Teratoma of testis

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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9
Q

What cancer shows carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)?

A

Colorectal cancer

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10
Q

What cancer shows oestrogen receptors?

A

Breast cancer

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11
Q

What cancer shows prostate specific antigen?

A

Prostate cancer

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12
Q

What cancer shows Kras?

A

Colorectal cancer

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13
Q

What cancer shows Braf?

A

Melanoma

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14
Q

What cancer shows EGFR?

A

Lung cancer

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15
Q

What cancer shows PD-L1?

A

Lung cancer

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16
Q

What cancer shows Her2?

A

Breast cancer

Gastric cancer

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17
Q

What do you see in morphology of cancer?

A

Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism (marked variation in size and shape)

Mitosis present and often abnormal (cell division not normal as chromosomes are not structured)

18
Q

What is tumour growth a balance between?

A

Cell growth (angiogenesis) and cell death (apoptosis)

19
Q

What happens during tumour angiogenesis?

A

New blood vessels are formed by the tumours that provides a route for the release of tumour cells in circulation

20
Q

What does greater tumour angiogenesis mean?

A

Poorer prognosis (outcome)

21
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The mechanism for programmed cell death

22
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer

23
Q

What are metastatic tumours?

A

Secondary tumours

24
Q

What is a major clinical problem of cancer?

A

Formation of metastatic tumours

25
Q

What is invasion and metastasis due to?

A

Increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes

Altered cell to cell and cell to matrix adhesion

26
Q

What is the cell to cell adhesion of tumours like throughout their lifetime?

A

At some point they need to be stuck together, and at other points they need to be seperate to spread

27
Q

What are different modes for the spread of cancer?

A

Local spread (invastion of primary tumours in adjacent structures)

Lymphatic spread (to lymph nodes)

Blood spread (to other tissues and organs in the body)

Trans-coelomic spread (through cavities such as pleural)

28
Q

What is the process of tumour invasion?

A

1) Malignant tumour
2) Invasion into connective tissue
3) Invastion into lymph/blood vessels

29
Q

What is the process of tumour metastasis via lymphatics?

A

1) Adherance of tumour cells to lymph vessels
2) Invasion from lymphatics
3) Invastion into lymph nodes
4) Formation of metastasis in lymph node
5) Clinical evidence of metastasis

30
Q

What is the process of tumour metastasis via blood?

A

1) Adherance of tumour cells to blood vessels
2) Invasion from blood vessels
3) Invasion into tissue
4) Formation of metastasis
5) Clinical evidence of metastasis

31
Q

What is trans-coelomic spread?

A

Special form of local spread where tumour cells spread across body cavities such as pleural or peritoneal

32
Q

What kinds of tumours show trans-coelomic spread?

A

Lung

Stomach

Colon

Ovary

33
Q

What is the site of tumour metastasis related to?

A

The tumour, not the tissue blood flow

34
Q

What are common sites of metastasis?

A

Liver

Lung

Brain

Bone (axial skeleton)

Adrenal gland

Omentum/perioneum

35
Q

What are uncommon sites of metastasis?

A

Spleen

Kidney

Skeletal muscle

Heart

36
Q

What is the spread of tumours from sites like?

A

Tumours from tissues often commonly metastasis to specific sites

37
Q

Where do breast tumours commonly metastasis to?

A

Bone

38
Q

Where do prostate tumours commonly metastasis to?

A

Bone

39
Q

Where do colorectal tumours commonly metastasis to?

A

Liver

40
Q

Where do ovary tumours commonly metastasis to?

A

Omentium/perioneum

ME2019 PART 2 (45 decks)

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