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ME2019 PART 2 > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Adaptive

Innate

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

First line defence from infection in a non-specific manner

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Highly specialised elimination of pathogens with the creation of an immunological memory

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4
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immunity?

A

Active

Passive

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5
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Protection produced by your own immune system

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6
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immune response that involves antibodies that are obtained from outside the body

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7
Q

What are the two forms of active and passive immunity?

A

Natural

Artificial

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8
Q

What are examples of natural artificial active immunity?

A

Active natural immunity is infection or exposure

Active artificial immunity is immunisation vaccines

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9
Q

What are examples of natural and artificial passive immunity?

A

Natural passive immunity is mother passing on antibodies to baby

Artificial passive immunity is immunological therapy

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10
Q

Which of active and passive immunity are specific?

A

Both of them, being part of the adaptive immune system

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11
Q

What kind of adaptive immunity creates immunological memory?

A

Only active, not passive

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12
Q

What are advantages of passive immunity?

A

Gives immediate protection

Quick fix

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13
Q

What are disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

No immunological memory

Could lead to serum sickness (incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen resulting in anaphylaxis)

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14
Q

What is an advantage of active immunity?

A

Long term immunity due to the creation of immunological memory

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15
Q

What is a disadvantage of active immunity?

A

No immediate effect

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16
Q

What does an immunological memory allow?

A

A larger, more effective and more precise response on re-exposure

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17
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Adminstration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to the pathogen

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18
Q

What are common diseases that we vaccinate?

A

Measles

Mumps

Rebella

Polio

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19
Q

What are different kinds of vaccines?

A

Killed whole organism

Attenuated whole organism (mainly virsuses)

Subunit (recombinant proteins)

Toxoid (toxin treated with formalin)

20
Q

What is a risk of using a killed whole organism as a vaccine?

A

Must be killed efffectively as any live virus can result in disease

21
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of using an attenuated whole organism as a vaccine?

A

Very powerful and better than killed

Refrigeration required

22
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of using a subunit as a vaccine?

A

Safe

Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

23
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

Enhances an antigen specific immune response

24
Q

What is an attenuated whole organism?

A

Avirulent strain of target organism

25
Q

What is the attenuation mechanism?

A

1) Pathogenic virus is isolated from patient and grown in human cultured cells
2) Cultured virus is used to infect monkeys
3) Virus acquires mutations to allow it to grow in monkey cells
4) Virus no longer grows in human cells and can be used as a vaccine

26
Q

What do children have to protect them from common pathogens?

A

An immunisation schedule that lasts from birth until up to 18 years old

27
Q

What are some vaccines that are apart of a child’s immunisation schedule?

A

Tetanus/polio at 2/4months

Influenza at 2/4 years

HPV at 13 years (females only)

Tetanus/polio at 13/18 years

28
Q

Who are tuberculosis (BCG) and hepatisis B vaccines given to?

A

People at birth who have increased risk to exposure

29
Q

What are examples of high risk groups?

A

Elderly (given influenza and shingles)

IV drug users (given hepatitis A/B)

Chronic medical conditions (given S pneumoniae and influenza)

Occupational risk (given hepatitis A/B and bacillus anthracis)

30
Q

What are people from high risk groups given?

A

Additional vaccines

31
Q

What kinds of vaccines are people who are travelling given?

A

Hepatitis A

Typhoid

Cholera

Yellow fever

Rabies

32
Q

What are contraindications?

A

When using a vaccine can cause serious adverse reactions due to other medical conditions

33
Q

What are the different kinds of contraindications?

A

Temporary

Permanent

34
Q

What are examples of temporary contraindications?

A

Febrile illness (illness with unknown cause)

Pregnancy

35
Q

What are examples of permanent contraindications?

A

Allergy

Immunocompromised

36
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

People who are not vaccinated are less likely to become infected with a pathogen due to being less likely to come into contact with it

37
Q

Who does herd immunity protect?

A

People who are unable to be vaccinated such as babies and pregnant woman

38
Q

What are things that make a good vaccine?

A

Potent antibody response

Potent cytotoxic T cell response

Helper T cell response

Creation of immunological memory

39
Q

What are some challenges facing vaccines?

A

Persistance (idealy vaccines should give life long protection)

Generation of memory cells

Protection of vulnerable groups

Antigenic shift and drift, strain diversity in general

Cold chain network

40
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Mechanism for variation in viruses due to the accumulation of mutations within genes that code for the antigens

41
Q

What is the purpose of the cold chain network?

A

Maintain the quality of the vaccine from the time of manufacture until the point of administration

42
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine?

A

Conjugation of a carbohydrate to a protein carrier to make the antigen more effective

43
Q

What would weaker antigens lead to?

A

Ineffective B cell priming

44
Q

Why are new borns and the elderly vulnerable?

A

New borns are vulnerable due to having less memory B cells

The elderly are vulnerable due to having less B cells due to bone marrow having become fat over time

45
Q

What is prominant research into vaccines at the moment?

A

Vaccines for cancers by targetting checkpoint inhibitors which can produce powerful anti-tumour responses

46
Q

What is vaccinomics?

A

Individualised vaccinology

ME2019 PART 2 (45 decks)

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