tumour pathology

Question 1

definition of a tumour

Answer 1

abnormal growing mass of tissue:

uncoordinated growth

growth continues after removal of growth stimulus

irreversible change

Question 2

epithelial tumours: name for benign glandular tumour

Answer 2

adenoma

Question 3

epithelial tumours: name for malignant glandular tumour

Answer 3

adenocarcinoma

Question 4

epithelial tumours: name for benign squamous tumour

Answer 4

squamous papilloma

Question 5

epithelial tumours: name for malignant squamous tumour

Answer 5

squamous carcinoma

Question 6

tissue tumours: name for benign bone tumour

Answer 6

osteoma

Question 7

tissue tumours: name for malignant bone tumours

Answer 7

osteosarcoma

Question 8

tissue tumours: name for benign fat tumour

Answer 8

lipoma

Question 9

tissue tumours: name for malignant fat tumour

Answer 9

lipo-sarcoma

Question 10

tissue tumours: name for benign fibrous tumour

Answer 10

fibroma

Question 11

tissue tumours: name of malignant fibrous tumours

Answer 11

fibrosarcoma

Question 12

name for malignant WBC tumour

Answer 12

leukaemia

Question 13

name for malignant lymphoid tumour

Answer 13

lymphoma

Question 14

name for benign melanocyte tumour

Answer 14

naevus

Question 15

name for malignant melanocyte tumour

Answer 15

melanoma

Question 16

CNS tumour

Answer 16

astrocytoma

Question 17

PNS tumour

Answer 17

schwannoma

Question 18

germ cell tumours

Answer 18

teratomas

ovarian usually benign

testicular usually malignant

Question 19

benign tumour features

Answer 19

encapsulated

cells similar to normal

well differentiated

similar function to normal tissue

Question 20

local effects of benign tumours

Answer 20

pressure

obstruction

Question 21

local effects of malignant tumours

Answer 21

pressure and obstruction

destruction- ulceration and infection

bleeding

pain

Question 22

systemic effects of malignant tumours

Answer 22

weight loss- cachexia

secretion of hormones

paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 23

what’s the earliest stage in process of malignancy that can be visualised

Answer 23

dysplasia

Question 24

where is dysplasia found

Answer 24

epithelium- no invasion

Question 25

features of dysplasia

Answer 25

disorganisation of cells

no invasion

high or low grade

Question 26

phases of cell cycle

Answer 26

M- mitosis

G1- prep for DNA synthesis

S- DNA synthesis

G2- prep for mitosis

G0- quiescence

Question 27

the G1- S checkpoint checks for

Answer 27

nutrients and DNA damage

Question 28

the S- G2 checkpoint checks for

Answer 28

unreplicated or damaged DNA

Question 29

the G2- M checkpoint checks for

Answer 29

unreplicated or damaged DNA

Question 30

the M- G1 checkpoint checks for

Answer 30

chromosome musalignment

Question 31

cell cycle checkpoint activators

Answer 31

CDK’s activated by cyclin

Question 32

what do active CDK/cyclin complex’s do

Answer 32

phosphorylation of target proteins

Question 33

CDK inhibitors

Answer 33

INK4A gene family- p16

CIP/KIP gene family- p21, p27

Question 34

2 main regulator pathways that get disrupted in cancer

Answer 34

D-pRb-E2F- retinoblastoma tumour suppressor

p53 pathway- apoptosis

Question 35

cells with mutated p53 don’t

Answer 35

G1 arrest or repair damaged DNA

Question 36

2 hit hypothesis of anti oncogenes

Answer 36

tumour suppressor alleles are usually recessive- needs both normal alleles to be missing to cause cancer

Question 37

what are proto-oncogenes and oncogenes

Answer 37

proto-onco: normal genes that code growth regulating proteins

oncogenes: mutated proto oncogenes with gain of function

Question 38

benign tumours that show abnormalities and risk spreading are known as

Answer 38

dysplastic