inflammation

Question 1

causes of acute inflammation

Answer 1

pathogenic organisms

mechanical trauma

chemical- pH upset

extreme conditions

dead tissue

hypersensitivity

Question 2

symptoms of acute inflammation

Answer 2

redness

heat

swelling

pain

loss of function

Question 3

benefits of acute inflammation

Answer 3

symptoms means area gets protected

neutrophils destroy organism and denature antigen for macrophages

plasma proteins means process stays localised

Question 4

microvascular change in acute inflammation

Answer 4

dilate local arterioles

decrease in permeability

increase in movement of neutrophils to ESF

produce chemical mediators

Question 5

how is exudate formed

Answer 5

plasma leaks from capillaries into ECF

Question 6

whats in exudate

Answer 6

proteins

immunoglobulins

fibrinogen

neutrophils

Question 7

exudate causes

Answer 7

swelling- oedema

pain and reduced function

Question 8

what do neutrophils do

Answer 8

1. recognise antigen
2. move towards it- chemotaxis
3. stick to it
4. release granules of peroxide
5. phagocytose and destroy
6. die and turn into pus

Question 9

where are chemical mediators found and released

Answer 9

endothelial cell wall

released from cells into plasma

Question 10

purpose of chemical mediators

Answer 10

• vasodilation
• increase permeability
• neutrophil adhesion
• chemotaxis
• itch and pain

Question 11

immediate effects of acute inflammation

Answer 11

pyrexia

malaise

neutrophilia- increase WBC

Question 12

long term effects of acute inflammation

Answer 12

lymphadenopathy

weight loss

anemia

Question 13

outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 13

suppuration

abscess

organisation

dissemination

Question 14

outcomes of acute inflammation: suppuration

Answer 14

pus formation

pyogenic membrane surrounds pus

Question 15

outcomes of acute inflammation: abscess

Answer 15

collection of pus under pressure

Question 16

outcomes of acute inflammation: organisation

Answer 16

granulation tissue leads to fibrosis and formation of a scar

Question 17

outcomes of acute inflammation: dissemination

Answer 17

spread to bloodstream- septic

Question 18

bacteraemia vs septicaemia

Answer 18

bacteraemia- bacteria in blood

septicaemia- bacteria growing in blood

Question 19

definition of shock

Answer 19

inability to perfuse tissue

Question 20

symptoms of shock

Answer 20

high heart rate

low BP

pyrexia

peripheral vasodilation

Question 21

cell types found in chronic inflammation

Answer 21

lymphocytes

plasma cells

macrophages

Question 22

causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 22

from acute- large damage or doesn’t improve

primary:

• autoimmune
• artificial- sutures, joints etc
• material that can’t be digested- mycobacteria
• endogenous- nectoric tissue

Question 23

organisation in chronic inflammation

Answer 23

angiogenesis creates new blood vessels

leads to fibroses and scar tissue

leads to healing repair

Question 24

what brings about angiogenesis

Answer 24

capillary buds are formed when

VEGF is released by hypoxic cells

Question 25

granulation tissue mechanism and function

Answer 25

fibroblasts lay down collagen and repair damaged tissue

collagen replaces exudate

patches defects and replaces necrotic tissue

pulls together

Question 26

when is scar tissue (fibrous tissue) a problem

Answer 26

it can stick loops of bowel together after peritonitis