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Term 1 POD revision > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes

A

archea
bacteria

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2
Q

eukaryotes

A

fungi
parasites (if not a vector for prokaryotes)

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3
Q

whats a prion

A

a protein that sits on the surface of brain cells

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4
Q

sterile sites for specimen

A

brain
heart
liver
kidney

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5
Q

non sterile sites for specimen collection

A

mouth
oesophagus
lungs
stomach
intestine

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6
Q

unstained microscopy can be used to find

A

WBCs- in urine or CSF

parasites in faeces

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7
Q

gram stained microscopy can be used to find

A

bacteria

yeasts/ fungi

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8
Q

how are viruses detected

A
  • molecular- realtime /PCR
  • antigen detection
  • serology to detirmine immunity- IgN or IgG
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9
Q

diagnosis of parasites

A

microscopy of different life stages

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10
Q

gram positive bacteria have a

A

thick wall of peptidoglycan on the outside

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11
Q

gram negative bacteria have

A

a layer of peptidoglycan underneath lipopolysaccharide

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12
Q

gram stain appearance of gram positive bacteria

A

Purple

(Positive- Purple)

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13
Q

gram stain appearance of gram negative bacteria

A

red

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14
Q

what are bacteria cell walls made from

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

what happens when a bacterial cell wall is weakened or ruptured

A

osmosis causes it to burst - lysis

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16
Q

what does the lipopolysaccharide layer on gram -ve bacteria do

A
  • protects peptidoglycan from bile salts and Lysozyme

meaning it can survive in the gut

  • blocks many antibiotics
  • contains Lipid A which can cause endotoxic shock
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17
Q

what are fimbriae for

A

adherence

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18
Q

how do bacteria replicate

and become varied

A

binary diffusion

spontaneous mutation and transfer of DNA

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19
Q

whats a bacteriophage

A

a virus that eats bacteria

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20
Q

name order for bacteria

A

genus then species

staphylococcus aureus

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21
Q

virus

A

genetic element that can’t replicate without a host cell

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22
Q

virion

A

exists outside a host ad helps transmission

made of nucleic acid genome surrounded by a protein coat

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23
Q

virus replication cycle

A
  1. attatchemnt onto cell
  2. uncoating inside cell
  3. genome gets replicated in nucleus
  4. proteins get made
  5. virion is made
  6. virion released with exocytosis
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24
Q

coinfection of human and animal virus strains in one organism can lead to

A

generation of a new strain

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25
Q

consequences of viral infection

A

clearance of virus with a level of immunity

chronic infection

latent infection

transformation

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26
Q

how can a virus lead to cancer

A

changing cell cycle

changes apoptosis

persistent inflammation leading to reactive oxygen species that cause cancer

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27
Q

all antiviral agents are

A

virostatic- won’t kill virus

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28
Q

antivirals can be used for

A

prophyaxix- prevent infection

pre-emptive therapy before symptoms appear

overt disease

suppressive disease

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29
Q

prevention of viral infection

A
  • immunisation
  • prophylactic treatment post exposure
  • IPC
  • screening
  • antenatal screening
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30
Q

adaptive immunity can be

A

active or passive

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31
Q

active immunity includes

A

infection or exposure

immunisation vaccines

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32
Q

passive immunity includes

A

placental transfer of IgG using neonatal Fc factor

colostral transfer of IgA

immunoglobulin therapy or immune cells

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33
Q

passive immunity advantages and disadvantages

A

pros:

immediate

fast

cons:

no immunological memory

anaphylaxis

cell grafts get rejected

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34
Q

vaccination definition

A

giving antigenic material to stimulate immune system to develop adaptive immunity

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35
Q

temporary contraindications for vaccines

A

fever

pregnancy- cant have live attenuated vaccines

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36
Q

permanent contraindications for vaccines

A

allergy

immunocompromised- can’t get attenuated

37
Q

what makes a good vaccine

A
  • potent responses from:

CD8+ Tcells

CD4+ helper Tcells

  • memory
38
Q

protozoa parasites include

A

(single celled organisms)

malaria

amoebae

flagellates

39
Q

helminth parasites include

A

(worms)

roundworms

tapeworms

flukes

40
Q

ectoparasites parasites include

A

lice

ticks

mites

41
Q

parasite definition

A

an organism that lives in or on another and derives its nutrients from the host

42
Q

vector definition

A

something that transmits a parasite to a new host- an intermediate host

43
Q

protozoa transmission: intestinal

A

transferred by faecal oral route

44
Q

protozoa transmission: blood or tissue

A

insect vector

45
Q

Protozoa: parasite and vector that causes malaria

A

plasmodium

transported by mosquitos

46
Q

Protozoa: symptoms of malaria

A

fever, chills, flue like symptoms

47
Q

Protozoa: how malaria is seen in blood smear

A

headphones- crescent shaped with dots on each end

48
Q

Protozoa: parasite that causes amoebic dysentery

A

entamoeba histolytica

49
Q

Protozoa: amoebic dysentery causes

A

bloody diarrhoea

intestinal and extraintestinal infections

liver abscess in late disease

50
Q

Protozoa: amoebic dysentery microscopy

A

cysts formed in stool

51
Q

Helminths: nematodes are ___worms

A

round worms

52
Q

Helminths: cestodes are ___worms

A

tape

53
Q

Helminths: trematodes are __worms

A

flat

54
Q

Helminths: nematodes- enterobiasis symptoms and diagnosis

A

causes anal itch at night

diagnosis by adhesive tape against perianal region in morning

Ova found on microscopy

55
Q

Helminths: nematodes- ascaris lumbricoides problems it causes

A

often asymptomatic

can cause failure to thrive

can block intestine or bile duct

56
Q

Helminths: cestodes route of transmission and specific problem

A

raw meat

pork can lead to tapeworm cysts in brain

57
Q

Helminths: trematodes transmission, sign and complication

A

freshwater where a snail vector is present

swimmers itch

liver failure and bladder cancer

58
Q

diagnosis principles in parasitic infections

A

blood microscopy- malaria

stool microscopy- ova, cysts, parasites

serology

rapid diagnostic tests

59
Q

helminth infections are often accompanied by

A

eosinophilia

elevated IgE

60
Q

Gram positive bacteria: aerobic cocci

A

staphylococci (clusters)

streptococci and enterococci (chains)

61
Q

Gram positive bacteria: staphylococci with apositive coagulase test

A

staphylococcus aureus:

MSSA/MRSA

62
Q

Gram positive bacteria: staphylococcus

where its commensal and what it can cause

A

nose, axilla, perineum

boils/abscesses, soft tissue infections, sepsis, osteomyelitis

63
Q

Gram positive bacteria: coagulase negative staphylococci

commensal and problems

A

skin

biofilms in prostheses

64
Q

Gram positive bacteria: streptococci

haemolysis and agar colour

A

alpha haemolytic- green

beta haemolytic- clear (complete haemolysis)

non- no difference

65
Q

Gram positive bacteria: example of alpha haemolytic strep

and what it causes

A

strep pneumoniae

pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis

66
Q

Gram positive bacteria: group A strep name and causes

A

streptococcus pyogenes

necrotising fasciitis

67
Q

Gram positive bacteria: example of anaerobic

spread and causes

A

clostridium difficile

spores

diarrhoea and toxin production

increased risk from antibiotics

68
Q

Gram negative bacteria: cocci examples

A

neiseria spp- meningitis, gonorrhoeae

moraxella catarrhalis- RTI

69
Q

Gram negative bacteria: coliforms are in the family

A

enterobacteriaceae

70
Q

Gram negative bacteria: what is usually a preliminary test in classifying gram neg bacilli

A

lactose fermentation

71
Q

Gram negative bacteria: Ecoli and lactose

A

ferments it

72
Q

Gram negative bacteria: helicobacter pylori

commensal and can cause

A

curved bacilli

human stomach

can cause ulcers and increase risk of gastric adenocarcinoma

73
Q

Gram negative bacteria: haemophilus influenzae causes

A

cocco bacilli

RTI

74
Q

bacteria that cant be stained

A

(no cell wall)

mycobacterium

spirochaetes

chlamydia

75
Q

how are mycobacterium visualised

A

ziehl-neelsen or Auramine staining

then cultured to find type

76
Q

spirochetes cause and are diagnosed by

A

syphilis

lyme disease

serology

76
Q

spirochetes cause and are diagnosed by

A

syphilis

lyme disease

serology

77
Q

what is a fungus

A

lacks chlorophyll

forms spores

polysaccharides often chitin or glucan in cell wall

ergosterol in membranes

78
Q

athletes foot is caused by

A

epidermophyton

79
Q

thrush is caused by

A

candida

80
Q

pityriasis versicolor is caused by

A

malassezia

81
Q

fungi: main dermatophyte virulence factor

A

enzymes that degrade and utilize keratin

82
Q

fungi: dermatophytosis causative agents

A

epidermophyton

83
Q

factors that increase risk of fungal infection

A

warm moist areas

broad spectrum antibiotics

immunosuppression

84
Q

diagnosis of fungal infections

A

direct detecion- histophalogy, CT

molecular- PCR, antigens etc.

85
Q

pathogenicity

A

the capacity of a pathogen to cause infection

86
Q

virulence

A

capacity to cause harmful effects

  • invasiveness
  • toxin production
  • evasion of immune system
87
Q

an endotoxin is structurally part of

A

gram negative cell walls

Term 1 POD revision (13 decks)

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