Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a - ICS > Tumour Immunology > Flashcards

Tumour Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Aetiology of CA

A

Transformation of germline cells.

Transformation of somatic cells.

Environmental factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hallmarks of CA

A

Growth self-sufficiency

Evade apoptosis

Ignore anti-proliferative signals

Limitless replication potential

Sustained angiogenesis

Invade tissues

Escape immune surveillance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The immune system discriminate what from what?

A

Self from non-self based on molecules expressed on the cell surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the ultimate goal of tumour immunology?

A

Induce clinically effective anti-tumour immune responses that would discriminate between tumour cells and normal cells in CA patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do we call it when the immune system work against us?

A

Autoimmune disorder. (Also supports CA sometimes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or false?
The immune system is capable of early recognition and elimination of CA cells in the process of malignant transformation.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What components of the immune system play a part in killing cancer cells?

A

T-cells, NKT cells, NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cancer immunosurveillance

A

Immune system can recognise and destroy nascent transformed cells, normal control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cancer immunoediting

A

Tumours tend to be genetically unstable -> immune system can kill and induce changes in the tumour resulting in tumour escape and recurrence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the surveillance theory propose?

A

Lymphocytes acted as sentinels - mopping up newly arising tumours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tumour antigens have (how many groups)?

A

Two: tumour specific antigens, tumour associated antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tumour specific antigens TSA

A

Only found on tumours.

Result of point mutation or gene rearrangement.

Derive from viral antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tumour associated antigens TAA

A

Found on both normal and tumour cells - overexpressed in CA cells.

Developmental antigens which become depressed (CEA).

Differentiation antigens are specific.

Altered modification of a protein could be an antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lab experiment - proof of tumour antigen

A

Mice example.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tumour antigens classification

A

Tumour specific mutated oncogone or tumour suppressor gene.

Germ cell. (MAGE1, MAGE3, normal testicular proteins, but found in melanoma, breast, glioma)

Differentiation.

Abnormal gene expression.

Abnormal post translational modification.

Abnormal post transcriptional modification.

Oncoviral protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evidence for human tumour immunity

A

Spontaneous regression: melanoma lymphoma.

Regression of metastases after removal of primary tumour: pulmonary metastases from renal carcinoma.

Infiltration of tumours by lymphocytes and macrophages: melanoma and breast CA

Lymphocyte proliferation in draining lymph nodes.

Higher incidence of CA after immunosuppression, immunodeficiency, aging…

17
Q

Tumour escape

A

Immune responses change tumours such that tumours will no longer be seen by the immune system.

18
Q

Immune evasion

A

Tumours change the immune responses by promoting immune suppressor cells.

19
Q

Low immunogenicity

A

No peptide:MHC ligand, no adhesion molecules, no co-stimulatory molecules.

20
Q

How tumours treated as self-antigens lead to tolerisation by T-cells?

A

Tumour AGs taken up and presented by APCs in absence of co-stimulation tolerise T cells.

21
Q

Antigenic modulation

A

AB against tumour cell-surface AG can induce endocytosis and degradation of the AG. Immune selection of AG-loss variants.

22
Q

Tumour-induced immune suppression

A

Factors (TGF-beta) secreted by tumour cells inhibit T cells directly. Induction of regulatory T cell by tumours.

23
Q

Tumour-induced privileged site

A

Factors secreted by tumour cells create a physical barrier to the immune system.

24
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Learn how to harness the immune system to kill tumours.

Induce immune response against tumour that would discriminate between tumour and normal cells. (adaptive immunity)

25
Q

Immunotherapy can be

A

Active: vaccination (killed tumour vaccine, purified tumour AGs, Professional APC-based vaccines, Cytokine- and co-stimulator-enhanced vaccines, DNA vaccines, viral vectors).

Passive: adoptive cellular therapy (T cells)

Anti-tumour Antibodies (HER2, CA-125).

26
Q

Cell-based therapy…

A

Activate patient’s immune system to attack CA.

Deliver vehicle to target therapeutic genes to attack tumours.

Do not act directly on CA cells - work systematically to activate the body’s immune system.

27
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Found throughout the body

Interstitial cells - Langerhans cells of the epidermis.

Detect and chew up foreign invaders -> present proteins on their surface.

28
Q

What needs to be done to make a DC vaccine?

A

Collect blood of CA PT -> enrich to increase the DC population.

29
Q

Describe the process of making DC cells

A

Leukapheresis -> monocytes -> 6 day culture in GM-CSF/IL-4 -> become immature DCs -> exposed to autologous tumour extracts, whole tumour mRNA, viral vectors, synthetic peptides, allogenic tumour extract (activating molecules) -> activated APC back to circulation.

30
Q

T cells - how to make them?

A

Tumour biopsy -> Isolation of tumour fragments -> cultivation of TILs propagated on tumour fragments -> expansion and infusion back into the body.

31
Q

Macrophages

A

Blood - monocyte - macrophage - therapeutic macrophage - tumour - therapeutic effect.

32
Q

Tumour hypoxia

A

Hypoxia (low oxygen) is a prominent feature of malignant tumours

Inability of the blood supply to keep up with growing tumour cells

Hypoxic tumour cells adapt to low oxygen

33
Q

What are the problems with tumour hypoxia?

A

Tumour hypoxia = poor patient prognosis

Stimulates new vessel growth

Suppresses immune system

Resistant to radio- and chemotherapy (repopulate the tumour)

Increased tumour hypoxia after therapy

Phase 2a - ICS (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions