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Phase 2a - ICS > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral immunity…

A

Defence against extracellular bacteria and secondary viral infections.

AB binds to BCR on B lymphocytes and turns them into plasma cells which produce soluble AB.

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2
Q

Antibodies

A

Unique Y-shape
Label materials to kill

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3
Q

Describe the basic Ab structure

A

Soluble glycoproteins - Immunoglobulins.

Fab
Fc
Hinge

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4
Q

How does structure of the AB reflects its dual role?

A

AG recognition:

Fab regions (variable in sequence) bind different AGs.

AG elimination:

Fc region - constant in sequence. Bind to complement proteins, FcR on phagocytes and NK cells.

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5
Q

The constant regions are

A

Same for ABs of a given H chain class or L chain type.

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6
Q

The variable and constant regions encoded…

A

By separate exons.

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7
Q

What brings about the high diversity in Abs?

A

Multiple variable region exons in the genome -> RECOMBINE and MUTATE during B cell differentiation -> different AB specificities.

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8
Q

What are the five classes of Immunoglobulins?

A

M
A
D
G
E

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9
Q

IgG

A

Main class in serum and tissues.

Important in secondary/memory responses.

It can cross the placenta.

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10
Q

IgM

A

Important in primary response.

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11
Q

IgA

A

In serum and in secretions - protection of mucosal surfaces.

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12
Q

IgD

A

Unknown

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13
Q

IgE

A

Present at very low levels - involved in allergy and response to parasitic infections.

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14
Q

What are the two light chain types?

A

Kappa or lambda.

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15
Q

Are the light chain types class restricted?

A

No - it can either be IgG-kappa or IgG-lambda.

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16
Q

In primary response

A

IgM and IgG.

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17
Q

In secondary response

A

IgM and much higher IgG.
Can also include IgA and IgE.

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18
Q

How ABs protect against infection?

A

Specific binding/Multivalency (Fab):

Neutralise (toxins) IgG;IgA

Immobilise motile microbes IgM

Prevent binding to and infection of host cells.

Form complexes.

Enhance innate mechanisms (Fc)

Activate complement (IgG;IgM)

Bind to FcR:
Phagoctytes (IgG;IgA) enhance
Mast cells (IgE) release inflamm. mediators
NK cells (IgG) enhance killing of infected cells.

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19
Q

ABs can be used in research, diagnostics and therapy

A

Identify and label molecules in complexes.

Serotype pathogens.

Identify cell types

Humanised AB in therapy.

Her-2 Breast CA -> Herceptin

20
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cell in thymus

Bind to AG via TCR -> produce CKs; specifically kill infected host cells.

21
Q

What are the major subpopulations of T-cells?

A

T helpers (CD4 +ve)
- Help B cells make AB
- Activate macrophages and NK cells
- Help development of Tcytotoxic

T cytotoxic (CD8 +ve)
- Recognise and kill infected host cells.

T regulatory cells (CD4 +ve)
Suppress immune response

22
Q

TCRs

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains.
Multiple V region exons in the genome which recombine during T cell differentiation and give different specificities.

23
Q

How do T cells recognise AGs?

A

Via MHC molecules.

24
Q

What is the MHC?

A

On Cr. 6
Important in graft rejection
HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
Most polymorphic proteins in man. (1400 alleles of HLA-B locus)

25
Q

MCH I

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C
On all nucleated cells
AG to CD8 +ve (cytotoxic) T cells

26
Q

MHC II

A

HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ
On macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells.
AG to CD4 +ve (helper) T cells.

27
Q

TCR and MHC I

A

Cytotoxic T cell recognises peptide bound to MHC I.

Virus-infected cell (viral proteins broken down in cytosol - peptides to ER and bind to MHC I - expressed on surface).

Activated T cells induce apoptosis.

28
Q

TCR and MHC II

A

T helper cells recognise this.

Macrophage/dendritic cell/B cell internalise and break down foreign material.

Peptides bind to MHC II in endosome -> cell surface.

Helps B cells make Ab, produce CK that activate/regulate other leucocytes.

29
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small secreted proteins involved in communication between the cells of the immune system.

Produced and act locally.

Bind to cytokine receptors on target cells.

30
Q

What are the main groups of CKs?

A

ILs - usually made by T cells

IFNs viral infection alpha and beta, cells activation gamma

Chemokines - cell movement or chemotaxis.

CSF - leukocyte production

31
Q

IL-1

A

Source: macrophages, endothelial and epithelial cells..

Induces inflammation, fever and activation of leukocytes.

32
Q

IL-2

A

T cells

Stimulates T, B and NK cell growth.

33
Q

IL-4

A

TH2 cells and mast cells.

Induces IgE prod.
Promotes Th2 differentiation

34
Q

IL-8

A

Macrophages, endothelium, fibroblasts, keratinocytes

Induces neutrophil chemotaxis

35
Q

IL-10

A

Monocytes, Th2 Cells

Downregulates Th1 cytokines, MHC II expression

36
Q

IFN gamma

A

Th1 cells and NK cells

Activates macrophages and NK cells, increases MCH II expression

37
Q

TNF alpha

A

T cells, macrophages and NK cells

Activates neutrophils, endothelial cells, induces cachexia=wasting

38
Q

Th1 subset produces what?

A

IL-2, IFN gamma and TNF beta.

Activate macrophages -> inflammation.

Promotes production of cytotoxic T cells.

Induce B cells to make IgG.

Important in intracellular infections.

39
Q

Th2 subset produces what?

A

IL-4, -5,-6,-10,-13 activate eosinophils and mast cells.

Induce B cells to make IgE - promotes release of inflammatory mediators (histamine)

Important in helminth infections and allergy.

40
Q

Tregs produce what?

A

IL-10, TFG beta - downregulate other T cells subsets

41
Q

The hygiene hypothesis

A

Insufficient exposure to certain types of infection (dirt) skews TH1/TH2 balance towards TH2?

But -ve correlation between helminth infections and allergic disease.

42
Q

Counter regulation hypothesis

A

Infection protects against allergy by promoting IL-10 and TFG-beta production (upregulates Treg, downregulates TH1 and TH2)

43
Q

Activation of adaptive immunity in the draining lymph node

A

Bacterium picked up by macrophages and dendritic cells.

Lymph drain from the infected tissue via afferent lymphatic vessels.

Afferent artery brings blood with naive T cells. Follicular dendritic cells activate T cells.

Plasma cells produce AB.

Efferent vessels carry ABs and effector T cells.

44
Q

What are the two main lineages of haemtopoiesis?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid cells.

45
Q
A

Phase 2a - ICS (43 decks)

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