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Phase 2a - ICS > Disorders of growth, differentiation and morphogenesis > Flashcards

Disorders of growth, differentiation and morphogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Types of growth

A

Multiplicative: increase in number of cells by mitosis.

Auxetic: increased size of individual cells (skeletal muscle)

Accretionary: increase in intracellular tissue components (bone)

Combined patterns: embryological development.

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2
Q

Cell types based on regenerative ability

A

Labile (very high reg.) intestine

Stable (good regen, low turnover) hepatocytes

Permanent (no) neurones

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3
Q

What does the M phase comprise of?

A

Nuclear division (mitosis) + cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

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4
Q

Totipotent

A

Able to form all of the cells of the embryo and placenta

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5
Q

Pluripotent

A

Producing all cells from endo-, meso-, and ectoderm.

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6
Q

Multipotent + Unipotent

A

Generates small number of cell types or only one.

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7
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size without cell division

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8
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in size by increasing the number of cells by mitosis.

Also a decrease in apoptosis.

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9
Q

Physiological examples of hypertrophy

A

Muscles in athletes (skeletal and LV)

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10
Q

Physiological examples of hyperplasia

A

Bone marrow cells in high altitudes.
Breast tissue in pregnancy.
Thyroid - increased metabolic demand (pregnancy)

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11
Q

Physiological example of hypertrophy and hyperplasia (mixed)

A

Uterine smooth muscle by oestrogens.

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12
Q

Disease marked by epidermal hyperplasia

A

Psoriasis

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13
Q

Hyperplasia of osteoblasts and osteoclasts resulting in thick but weak bone

A

Paget’s disease

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14
Q

Autonomous proliferations of myofibroblasts - forming tumour like masses

A

Fibromatoses

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15
Q

Angiogenesis can take place by…

A

Sprouting

Intussusception

Circulating stem cells recruited to the site of hypoxia.

VEGF and MMP

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16
Q

Vascular endothelial cells and myofibroblast hyperplasia…

A

Important components of repair and regeneration.

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17
Q

Athropy

A

Decrease in size of an organ or cell

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18
Q

Atrophy may be..

A

Physiological - post menopause
Pathological - immobilisation of limbs = muscle atrophy. Loss of innervation etc.

19
Q

Pressure atrophy

A

Bed sores (exogenous)
Tumour compresses against BV (endogenous)

20
Q

Cachexia

A

Severe starvation (systemic atrophy) influenced by CKs and TNF.

21
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure of development of an organ.
Related to atrophy
Failure of morphogenesis

22
Q

Example of hypoplasia

A

Failure in the development of the legs in severe spina bifida PTs.

23
Q

Metaplasia

A

Acquired form of altered differentiation (one mature differentiated cell into another)

Response to altered cellular environment.

Affects epithelial and mesenchymal cells

Increased risk of malignancy.

24
Q

Examples of metaplasia

A

Respiratory epithelium of trachea and bronchi to squamous epithelium.

Bladder epithelium to simple squamous in the presence of stone and ova of Schistosoma haematobium.

25
Q

Example of glandular metaplasia

A

Barrett’s oesophagus from squamous epithelium to columnar glandular epithelium (glandular metaplasia).

26
Q

Examples of mesenchymal metaplasia

A

Osseous metaplasia
- Ca deposition in atheromatous arterial walls
- bronchial cartilage

27
Q

Congenital disorder

A

Present at birth.

28
Q

Autosomal chromsome trisomy

A

21 Down’s syndrome
18 Edward’s syndrome
13 Patau’s syndrome (microcephaly, cleft lip and cleft palate) die in first year.

29
Q

Sex chromosomal abnormalities

A

Klinefelter’s 47 XXY: testicular atrophy, geynaecomastia (varients 48 XXXY, 49 XXXXY, 48 XXYY)

Double Y males 47 XYY

Turner’s syndrome 45 X: short stature, amenorrhoea and infertility.

Multiple X females: 47 XXX, 48 XXXX mental retardation.

Hermaphrodites (true) 46 XX, 46XX, 47XXY both testicular and ovarian tissue.

30
Q

Loss of part of a chromosome

A

Cri-du-chat syndrome (46XX 5p-) deletion of short arm of chromosome 5.

31
Q

Three categories of single gene disorders

A

Enzyme defects: albinism lack of melanin, galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency.

Receptor or cellular transport defect: lack on androgen receptor = insensitivity. CF no membrane transport.

Non-enzyme protein defects: sickle cell anaemia. Marfan’s and Ehlers-Danlos defective collagen production.

32
Q

Deformation or disruption

A

Anomalies of normal development caused by extrinsic physical forces.

33
Q

Malformations

A

Intrinsic failures of morphogenesis, differentiation or growth.

34
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

Defect in ciliary motility due to absent or abnormal dynein arms -> situs inversus.

35
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Marked dilation of the colon and failure of colonic motility = absence of Meissner and Auerbach’s nerve plexuses.

36
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Failure of testis to migrate to its normal position.

37
Q

Agenesis

A

Failure of development of an organ or structure within it.

Renal - few days of survival
Thymic - DiGeorge (poor T-cell production)
Anencephaly - lethal

38
Q

Atresia

A

Failure of the development of a lumen in a normally tubular structure.

Oesophageal - fistulae

Biliary atresia - obstructive jaundice in early childhood.

Urethral atresia.

39
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Failure of an organ to attain its normal size.

Osseous nuclei of the acetabulum= congenital dislocation of the hip due to the flattened roof to the acetabulum.

40
Q

Maldifferentiation (dysgenesis)

A

Failure of normal organ differentiation or presistence of primitive embryological structures.

41
Q

Ectopia

A

Development of mature tissue in an inappropriate site.

Endometriosis
Merkel’s diverticulum

42
Q

Neural tube defects are due to what?

A

Dietary deficiency of folate.

43
Q

Spina bifida

A

During 4th week the neural tube is formed by invagination of the dorsal ectoderm.
Failure of the neural tube to invaginate fully / the overlying ectoderm to close afterwards results in defects = exposed cord.

44
Q

Cleft palate

A

Occur in the first 9 weeks = from about 5 weeks the maxillary processes grow anteriorly and medially - fuse with the fronto-nasal process at two points just below the nostrils= upper lip.

Palate develops from palatal processes of maxially processes and fuse with the nasal septum.

Failure of this results in cleft palate.

Phase 2a - ICS (43 decks)

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