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Phase 2a - ICS > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What are fungi?

A

Eukaryotic
Chitinous cell wall
Heterotrophic
“Move” by means of growth or generation of spored (conidia).

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2
Q

How is conidia carried?

A

Through air or water.

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3
Q

Define yeast

A

Small single celled organisms - divide by budding.

Account for <1% of fungal species but include several highly medically relevant ones.

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4
Q

Define mould

A

Form multicellular hyphae and spores.

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5
Q

Why only a limited number of fungi cause human infection?

A

Unable to grow at 37 degrees.

The innate and adaptive immune response fights it.

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6
Q

What genera of mycoses cause human disease?

A

Ascomycota: Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, Candida, Fusarium, Scedosporium.

Basidiomycota: Cryptococcus, trichosporon.

Mucormycot: zygomycetes.

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7
Q

What are the similarities between human cells and fungi?

A

DNA/RNA synthesis and protein synthesis.

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8
Q

What are some of the differences between eukaryotic cells and fungi?

A

Fungi has cell wall made up from mannoproteins, B1,3 glucan and B1,6 glucan, chitin.

Plasma membrane contains ergosterol.

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9
Q

Flucytosine and Griseofulvin act on

A

DNA/RNA synthesis, protein synthesis

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10
Q

Echinocandins act on

A

Cell wall

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11
Q

Polyenes (amphotericin)
Azoles
Allylamines (terbinafine) act on

A

Plasma membrane.

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12
Q

Mucosal candidiasis

A

Common and recurrent disease with significant morbidity.

Normal commensal - RF for immunosuppressant, diabetic, ABX therapy, mucosal disruption.

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13
Q

What is the treatment for mucosal candidiasis?

A

Topical or oral azoles.

If resistant - swab.

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14
Q

Dermatophytes ( transmission and causative agents)

A

Human-human, animal-human.

Caused by: Trichophyton spp, Micrsporum spp, Epidermophyton floccosum.

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15
Q

Treatment for dermatophytes

A

Topical or oral azoles/terbinafine.

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16
Q

What are some example of ringworm infections?

A

Tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea unguium, tinea pedis.

17
Q

Dimorphic fungi infection

A

Mould at ambient temperature (25-30).

Infection via inhalation of conidia from soil or implantation.

Convert to yeast at 37 (due to heat related stress).

True pathogens.

18
Q

Examples of severe fungal infections:

A
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Coccidioides immitis and posadasii
  • Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
  • Sporothrix schenkii
  • Talaromyces marneffei
19
Q

Coccidioides

A

2 species:
C. immitis and C. posadasii

Geography - warm, arid conditions in SW USA.

Disease
Asymptomatic/subclinical infection common (2/3)
Most of rest – community acquired pneumonia 1-3 weeks post-exposure (1/3 of CAP in Ariziona)
Severe disease= respiratory failure or septic shock in context of high inoculum or cell-mediated immune defect – e.g. HIV
Late disease – does not correlate with the severity of initial symptoms

20
Q

Late manifestations of Coccidioides

A

Cavitatory lung disease
may result in pleuritic pain or cough or become colonised by Aspergillus

Orthopaedic
Asymetrical chronic arthritis with effusion or vertebral osteomyelitis

Cutaneous ulcers and abscesses

Cervical lymphadenopathy
Intracranial – chronic meningitis- BAD

21
Q

Invasive candidiasis is mostly due to what?

A

Infection of prosthetic devices or intra-abdominal disease.

22
Q

Cryptococcus causes what?

A

Acute or chronic meningitis in patients with reduced cell mediated immunity.

23
Q

What are the differential diagnosis of sub-acute/chronic meningitis?

A

Infective
Tuberculosis
Cryptococcus
Dimorphic fungi – Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces
Lyme
Brucella
Syphilis

Non-infective
Sarcoidosis
Behçets’s
SLE
Malignant
Drug induced

24
Q

Invasive aspergillosis is associated with what?

A

Profound immunocompromise but is increasingly recognised in patients with severe viral infection.

25
Q

What is the treatment of choice for invasive aspergillosis?

A

Voriconazole

26
Q

What is a characteristic of Mucoraceous moulds (zygomyctes)?

A

Cause devastatingly rapidly progressive infections that cross tissue planes.

27
Q

What is the treatment of choice for mucoraceous moulds?

A

Amphotericin B

28
Q

Pneumocystis jirovecii causes what?

A

Pneumonitis with severe hypoxia in immunocompromised.

29
Q

Pneumonitis caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii is treated by what?

A

Co-trimoxazole.

Phase 2a - ICS (43 decks)

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