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Phase 2a - ICS > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

The immune system must…

A

Discriminate self from non-self.

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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

Instinctive, non-specific, does not depend on lymphocytes, present form birth.

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific, acquired/learned, requires lymphocytes, ABs.

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4
Q

Both innate and adaptive immunity are made up of…

A

Cells and soluble factors (humoral).

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5
Q

Centrifuged blood sample

A

Upper fluid - plasma (water and electrolytes)

Middle layer - white fluffy layer (leukocytes)

Lower layer 45% - eythrocytes/platelets.

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6
Q

Define serum

A

Plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors.

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7
Q

Haematocrit

A

RBC volume

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8
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophil

Basophil

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9
Q

Mononuclear leukocytes

A

Monocytes -> macrophages

T-cells -> T-regs, T-helper (1,2), T-cytotoxic, Th17

B-cells -> plasma cells

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10
Q

Other cell types in the immune system

A

Mast cell, NK cells, Dendritic cells (Kupffer in the liver, Langerhans in the skin)

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11
Q

Soluble factors of the immune system

A

Complement proteins

Antibodies ABs

Cytokines and chemokines

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12
Q

Complement proteins

A

~20 serum proteins secreted by the liver - precursors. Only activated during the immune response.

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13
Q

MOA of the complement system.

A

Direct lysis.

Attract more leukocytes to the site

Coat invading organism (opsonisation).

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14
Q

Antibodies

A

Bind to AGs

Immunoglobulins Ig’s
Soluble or cell surface (BCR)

MADGE (5 classes)

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15
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Light chains (lamda and kappa)
Heavy chains
Fab portion
Fc portion
Hinge region

Serum = 75%

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16
Q

IgM is a

A

Pentamer

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17
Q

Antibodies link microbe to…

A

Phagocytes (Fc region of Ab on microbe binds to Fc receptor on phagocyte).

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18
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells

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19
Q

Interferons IFN

A

Antiviral resistance in uninfected cells

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20
Q

INF-alpha and beta

A

Produced by virus infected cells

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21
Q

INF-gamma

A

released by activated T-cells

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22
Q

Interleukins (IL)

A

Can be pro- (IL-1) or anti-inflammatory (IL-10).

Can cause cells to divide, differentiate and to secrete factors.

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23
Q

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

A

Division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells -> precursors for leukocytes.

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24
Q

Tumour Necrosis Factors

A

TNF-alpha and beta
Mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reactions.

25
Q

Chemokines

A

Attracts leukocytes to the site.

26
Q

Innate immunity

A

Non-specific

1st line defence
Provides barrier to AG
Instinctive
Present from birth
Slow response
No memory

27
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific AG response
Learnt behaviour
Memory to specific AG
Quicker response

28
Q

Innate immunity is composed of

A

Physical and chemical barriers

Phagocytic cells (mostly neutrophils and macrophages)

Blood proteins (complement and acute phase)

29
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Tissue damage (trauma) or infection.

  • Coagulation
  • Acute inflammation (leukocyte - recruitment)
  • Kill pathogens, neutralise toxins, limit pathogen spread.
  • Clear pathogens and dead cells
  • Proliferation of cells to repair damage
  • Remove blood clot - remodel ECM
  • Re-establish normal structure and function.
30
Q

Definition of inflammation

A

A series of reactions that brings cells and molecules of the immune system to the sites of infection or damage.

31
Q

Hallmarks of inflammations

A

Increased blood supply

Increased vascular permeability

Increased leukocyte transendothelial migration - extravasation

32
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Complete elimination of a pathogen followed by resolution of damage, disappearance of leukocytes and full regeneration of tissue.

33
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Persistent, un-resolved inflammation.

34
Q

How are microbes sensed in the blood and in tissues?

A

In blood - monocytes and neutrophils

In tissues - macrophages and dendritic cells.

35
Q

PRR

A

On cells

36
Q

PAMP

A

On microbes

37
Q

Complement proteins can…

A

Lyse microbes directly by the membrane attack complex.

Chemotaxis - C3a and C5a

Opsonisation - C3b

38
Q

Extravasation

A

AKA diapedesis

Endothelial cells normally express GAGs.

Infections (TNF-alpha) -> E-selection on endothelial cells and neutrophils have CD15 which binds to E-selection= slows down neutrophils.

This allows the chemokine receptors to bind to chemokines.

Eventually Integrin binds to ICAM-1 -> PCAM-1 paracellularly and neutrophils go through.

39
Q

Neutrophils

A

Rolling - adhesion - extravasation

40
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Binding - engulfment - phagosome formation - fuse with lysosome= phagolysosome -> lysis and antigen presentation on MHCII

41
Q

Why do we need the adaptive immune system?

A

Microbes evade innate immunity.

Intracellular viruses and bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) hide from innate immunity.

Need memory to specific AG.

42
Q

Cell-mediated immune response (T-cell)

A

Against intracellular microbes

43
Q

Humoral (AB) mediated immune response (B-cells)

A

Extracellular microbes

44
Q

Cell-mediated immunity requires.

A

APC + T-cells requires intimate cell to cell contact.

Control AB responses via contact with B cells.

Directly recognise and kill virally infected cells.

Also need: MHC
Intrinsic/Endogenous AGs
Extrinsic/Exogenous AGs

Recognise self or non-self.

45
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Respond to presented AGs.

46
Q

T cell selection

A

T cells that recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature.

47
Q

TCR

A

Recognise foreign AGs in association with MHC

48
Q

Intracellular virus

A

Class I (All cells have it) Tcytotoxic (CD8) kill infected cells.

49
Q

Extracellular (phagocytosed)

A

Class II (APC only) Thelper (CD4) help B cells make ABs to extracellular pathogen, can help directly kill.

50
Q

T cell and AG recognition = activation

A

Co-stimulatory molecules
CD28 on T cell bind to CD80/CCD86 on APC = this is required for full T-cell activation.

Activation - IL-2 is secreted and binds to IL-2R on T cell (autocrine) -> division, differentiation, effector function, memory.

51
Q

T helper 1

A

Produces IL-2 and IFN-gamma (kills intracellular pathogen).

52
Q

T helper 2

A

AB production

53
Q

Tcytotoxic

A

CD8 + MHCI = T cytotoxic

Forms proteolytic granules and releases perforins and granulysin - also induced apoptosis.

54
Q

T helper 1 activation

A

APC presents AG with MHC II to naive CD4 T cell.

High levels of IL-12 activate naive cells to CD4 Th1 cells.

Th1 cells travel to secondary lymphoid tissue (spleen, lymph nodes)

Activated CD4 Th1 proliferate (clonal expansion and memory T cells)

Th1 cell recognises AG on infected cells via TCR.

Th1 secretes IFN-gamma: stops virus spread and activated macrophages.

55
Q

B cell activation

A

B cells express membrane bound Igs (IgM, IgD)

Each B cell make only one AB that only binds to one epitope on one AG.

56
Q

B cells that recognise self…

A

Killed in the bone marrow.

57
Q

B cells present AG to T cells

A

Via MHC II.

mIgM or mIGD binds to AG -> phagocytosis

Peptide displayed on surface with MHCII

TCR on naive Thelper binds to MHCII

Lots of other co-stimulatory molecules are required.

58
Q

T cells help B cells

A

APC eats AG and presents to T helper via MHC II.

Primed Th2 cells.

Th2 cells bind to B cells that are presenting AG (via MHCII).

Th2 secreted CKs: IL-4, 5, 10, 13)
These cause B cells to divide (clonal expansion) and differentiate:

Plasma cells (AB forming cells) and Memory B cells.

59
Q

Antibodies may

A

Neutralise toxins by binding to them

Increase opsonisation

Activate complement system.

Phase 2a - ICS (43 decks)

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