Tumour Classification and Staging Flashcards
What are the 3 cell types?
Continuously dividing
Quiescent
Permanently non-dividing
What maintains genomic integrity?
Strict cell cycle control
What is a neoplasm?
Formation of a new growing mass of tissue
What is neoplasia?
Pathological process that results in the formation of a neoplasm
What are features of benign tumours?
Localized
Surgically removable
Total resection/eradication = cure
Grows slowly - expansible growth
Do not usually recur
Well-circumscribed borders
+/- capsule
Necrosis is uncommon
Respect histogenesis
What are features of malignant tumours?
Invasive
Able to metastasis
Local resection/eradication may not be curative
Grow rapidly
Recur at same and different location
Poorly circumscribed
Not encapsulated
Necrosis and mitotic features common
Cross tissue planes
Highly variable, disorganised and bizarre cells
Define metastasis
Spread of tumour cells to sites that are physically discontinuous with primary tumour
What is anaplasia?
Lack of differentiation - malignant tumours
What is metaplasia?
Replacement of a differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type in the same tissue
What is dysplasia?
Disordered growth
What is Carcinoma in Situ?
Severe dysplasia with abnormal cells growing in their normal place
Have not penetrated basement membrane
How can dysplastic cells be recognized?
Increased proliferation
Decreased differentiation
Cellular atypia
When does Carcinoma in Situ occur?
When dysplasia is severe and involves the entire thickness of the epithelium
What does tumour grading refer to/
Process of determining degree of differentiation
What are three grading factors for breast cancer?
Tubule formation
Nuclear pleomorphism
Mitotic figures
